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Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation
Open accessAbstract
Early nutrition affects adult metabolism in humans and other mammals, potentially via persistent alterations in DNA methylation. With viable yellow agouti (A(vy)) mice, which harbor a transposable element in the agouti gene, we tested the hypothesis that the metastable methylation status of specific transposable element insertion sites renders them epigenetically labile to early methyl donor nutrition. Our results show that dietary methyl supplementation of a/a dams with extra folic acid, vitamin B(12), choline, and betaine alter the phenotype of their A(vy)/a offspring via increased CpG methylation at the A(vy) locus and that the epigenetic metastability which confers this lability is due to the A(vy) transposable element. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation, long presumed to be purely beneficial, may have unintended deleterious influences on the establishment of epigenetic gene regulation in humans.
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“In this case there is a correlation between DNA methylation at the promoter and silencing of the gene [5,6].”
From A genome-wide screen for modifiers of transgene variegation identifies genes with critical roles in development (2008) · cites this paper as [5]
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Bird, A. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.947102 · Cited by 7,124
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Jones, P. A., & Baylin, S. B. (2002) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg816 · Cited by 5,648
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Reik, W., Dean, W., & Walter, J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063443 · Cited by 3,078
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Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse
Morgan, H. D., Sutherland, H. G. E., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/15490 · Cited by 1,476
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Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in A vy /a mice
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Programming by Early Nutrition in Man
Lucas, A. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514047.ch4 · Cited by 911
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Andonotopo, W., Bachnas, M. A., Dewantiningrum, J., Adi Pramono, M. B., Sulistyowati, S., Hariyasa Sanjaya, I. N., Stanojevic, M., & Kurjak, A. (2026) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2025-0289 · Cited by 15
“The Agouti mouse model demonstrated that maternal supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, and betaine increased methylation at the Avy locus, resulting in stable phenotypic changes resistant to later environmental modi fi cation [3].”
InfluentialMontel Hayes, R., Mason, C. E., & Miller, J. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1671122 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Waterland, R. A., & Jirtle, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jirtle, Randy L.
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 5293-5300
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC165709
- OpenAlex
- W2100489386
- Cited by
- 2,019
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 110 · 2014: 143 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 22.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA025951, CA25951)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES08823, R01ES008823)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Keywords
- transposable elements, DNA methylation, epigenetic inheritance, early life nutrition, methyl donor supplementation, folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, betaine, agouti gene, CpG methylation, maternal diet, offspring phenotype
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Betaine, Choline, DNA Transposable Elements, Exons, Folic Acid, Gene Expression Regulation, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Data, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Phenotype, Sulfites, Vitamin B 12, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Dietary Supplements, Mice
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