The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Keap1 Regulates the Oxidation-Sensitive Shuttling of Nrf2 into and out of the Nucleus via a Crm1-Dependent Nuclear Export Mechanism
Open accessAbstract
Keap1 is a negative regulator of Nrf2, a transcription factor essential for antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene expression. We find that Keap1 sequesters Nrf2 in the cytoplasm, not by docking it to the actin cytoskeleton but instead through an active Crm1/exportin-dependent nuclear export mechanism. Deletion and mutagenesis studies identified a nuclear export signal (NES) in the intervening region of Keap1 comprised of hydrophobic leucine and isoleucine residues in agreement with a traditional NES consensus sequence. Mutation of the hydrophobic amino acids resulted in nuclear accumulation of both Keap1 and Nrf2, as did treatment with the drug leptomycin B, which inactivates Crm1/exportin. ARE genes were partially activated under these conditions, suggesting that additional oxidation-sensitive elements are required for full activation of the antioxidant response. Based on these data, we propose a new model for regulation of Nrf2 by Keap1. Under normal conditions, Keap1 and Nrf2 are complexed in the cytoplasm where they are targeted for degradation. Oxidative stress inactivates Keap1's NES, allowing entry of both Keap1 and Nrf2 into the nucleus and transcriptional transactivation of ARE genes.
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Itoh, K., Chiba, T., Takahashi, S., Ishii, T., Igarashi, K., Katoh, Y., Oyake, T., Hayashi, N., Satoh, K., Hatayama, I., et al. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6943 · Cited by 3,999
Itoh, K., Wakabayashi, N., Katoh, Y., Ishii, T., Igarashi, K., Engel, J. D., & Yamamoto, M. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.1.76 · Cited by 3,634
Kobayashi, A., Kang, M.-I., Okawa, H., Ohtsuji, M., Zenke, Y., Chiba, T., Igarashi, K., & Yamamoto, M. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.16.7130-7139.2004 · Cited by 2,224
Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., Holtzclaw, W. D., Cole, R. N., Itoh, K., Wakabayashi, N., Katoh, Y., Yamamoto, M., & Talalay, P. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.172398899 · Cited by 1,947
Zhang, D. D., & Hannink, M. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.22.8137-8151.2003 · Cited by 1,480 · cited 13×
“The kelch repeats of Keap1 directly bind the Neh2 domain of Nrf2 (8, 22), whereas the IVR and BTB domains are required for the oxidation-sensitive regulation of Nrf2 via Keap1 (46, 47) due to a series of reactive cysteines present throughout these regions (9, 46).”
BackgroundInfluentialRushmore, T. H., Morton, M. R., & Pickett, C. B. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99004-6 · Cited by 1,464
McMahon, M., Itoh, K., Yamamoto, M., & Hayes, J. D. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m300931200 · Cited by 1,141 · cited 2×
“Under basal conditions, it is sequestered in the cytoplasm where it is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (23, 32 , 37, 39, 46).”
BackgroundStewart, D., Killeen, E., Naquin, R., Alam, S., & Alam, J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209195200 · Cited by 463
The Keap1 BTB/POZ dimerization function is required to sequester Nrf2 in cytoplasm
Zipper, L. M., & Mulcahy, R. T. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m206530200 · Cited by 366 · cited 2×
“Early studies proposed that Keap1 oxidation released Nrf2, allowing it to enter the nucleus and bind to ARE-containing genes (8, 22, 23, 47).”
Background
Cited by
ROS as signalling molecules: Mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis
D'Autréaux, B., & Toledano, M. B. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2256 · Cited by 3,642
The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress
Nguyen, T., Nioi, P., & Pickett, C. B. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r900010200 · Cited by 2,655
Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress
Bellezza, I., Giambanco, I., Minelli, A., & Donato, R. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.010 · Cited by 2,053
Jain, A., Lamark, T., Sjøttem, E., Bowitz Larsen, K., Atesoh Awuh, J., Øvervatn, A., McMahon, M., Hayes, J. D., & Johansen, T. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.118976 · Cited by 1,472
Nrf2 is a critical regulator of the innate immune response and survival during experimental sepsis
Thimmulappa, R. K. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25790 · Cited by 1,028
Metadata
- Authors
- Velichkova, M., & Hasson, T.
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4501-4513
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- OpenAlex
- W2159820690
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- Velichkova, M., & Hasson, T. (2005). Keap1 Regulates the Oxidation-Sensitive Shuttling of Nrf2 into and out of the Nucleus via a Crm1-Dependent Nuclear Export Mechanism. Molecular and Cellular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.11.4501-4513.2005
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