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Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice
Open accessAbstract
The relationship between the gut microbiota and ASD is not yet fully understood. Numerous studies have focused on the differences in intestinal microbial and metabolism profiles between TD and ASD children.
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TL;DR
Fecal microbiota from children with ASD transferred into germ-free mice induced ASD-like behaviors, distinct cecal microbial communities, and altered tryptophan/serotonin metabolism relative to mice receiving microbiota from typically developing children. The same tryptophan and serotonergic synapse pathways were altered in fecal samples from children with ASD, and key serotonin synthesis/transport proteins changed in mouse colon and prefrontal cortex.
Key findings
- ASD-FMT mice showed ASD-like behaviors versus TD-FMT mice: shorter sniffing of mouse urine (P < 0.001), less time in the open-field center zone (P < 0.01), more self-grooming (P < 0.01), greater novel-object chamber preference (P < 0.001), and lesser strange-mouse chamber preference (P < 0.001) (n = 16).
- Cecal microbiota differed between groups: no significant α-diversity differences, but ANOSIM showed between-group separation (R² = 0.78; P = 0.001). Verrucomicrobia was lower (P < 0.05) and unidentified_Bacteria higher (P < 0.01) in ASD-FMT; genera increased in ASD-FMT included Parabacteroides (P < 0.05), Alistipes (P < 0.01), Anaerotruncus (P < 0.01), and Helicobacter (P < 0.01), while Parasutterella (P < 0.05), Akkermansia (P < 0.05), Lachnoclostridium (P < 0.01), and unidentified_Erysipelotrichaceae (P < 0.01) were decreased (n = 8).
- Untargeted metabolomics found 963 differential cecal metabolites (698 down, 265 up in ASD-FMT), 239 serum metabolites (122 down, 117 up), and 65 prefrontal cortex metabolites (36 down, 29 up). Tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways were enriched in cecal contents, serum, prefrontal cortex, and in feces from 120 children with ASD versus 60 TD children; picky eating differed (ASD 80/120 [66.7%] vs TD 26/60 [43.3%], P < 0.001).
- Protein expression in ASD-FMT versus TD-FMT mice: colon TPH1 was upregulated (P < 0.05), colon SERT (P < 0.01) and 5-HT1AR (P < 0.05) were downregulated; prefrontal cortex TPH2 and SERT were upregulated (P < 0.05 for both), while prefrontal cortex 5-HT1AR did not differ (P > 0.05) (n = 3).
Methods
- Thirty-two male germ-free BALB/c mice were randomized to receive 200 μl fecal suspension from 5 TD children or 5 children with ASD (boys aged 2–6 years); behavioral testing occurred after 3 weeks, and cecal contents, serum, prefrontal cortex, colon, and other tissues were collected.
- Cecal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene V4 sequencing with α/β diversity, PCoA, Wilcoxon tests, and LEfSe (LDA > 4); untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics was performed on mouse cecal contents, serum, and prefrontal cortex, plus fecal samples from 120 children with ASD and 60 TD children, with KEGG pathway enrichment and Spearman correlation.
- Western blotting measured TPH1, SERT, and 5-HT1AR in mouse colon and TPH2, SERT, and 5-HT1AR in prefrontal cortex; differential metabolites were defined by VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05, and fold change ≥ 1.25 or ≤ 0.8, with significance generally set at P < 0.05.
Limitations
- The paper states that it is difficult to distinguish whether mouse cecal metabolites were host-derived or microbiota-derived; the causal relationship between gut microbes, metabolites, and key metabolic proteins remains unclear; and multiple factors affecting the microbiome and metabolomics could not be fully controlled.
- Evident from the text: omics analyses used small mouse sample sizes (n = 8 per group; Western blot n = 3), and the mouse donors were only boys aged 2–6 years, limiting generalizability.
- Evident from the text: the human validation cohort was separate from the 5+5 mouse donors and provided only fecal metabolomics, so human causal or protein-level findings were not directly tested.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the cecal contents of mice, the levels of Trp-Trp (a dipeptide of tryptophan), kynurenic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid were significantly higher and those of 6-hydroxymelatonin, indole-3-lactic acid, and 5-methoxy-indoleacetate were significantly lower in the ASD-FMT group than in the TD-FMT group”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > Tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways were also altered in fecal samples of children with ASD.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this test, the time of movement in the center zone was significantly shorter in the ASD-FMT group than in the TD-FMT group (Fig. 1B) (P < 0.01).”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD facilitated abnormal behaviors in GF mice.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a total of 239 differentially expressed metabolites were detected in the serum samples, including 122 downregulated metabolites and 117 upregulated metabolites in the ASD-FMT group”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT altered the tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways in mice.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5-hydroxy-N-formylkynurenine, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and serotonin were more abundant in children with ASD than in TD children”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > Tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways were also altered in fecal samples of children with ASD.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expression levels of TPH2 and SERT in the prefrontal cortex were significantly upregulated in the ASD-FMT group compared with the TD-FMT group (P < 0.05 for both)”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from ASD donors altered key proteins involved in serotonin synthesis and transport in colonized mice.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the genus level, Parabacteroides (P < 0.05), Alistipes (P < 0.01), Anaerotruncus (P < 0.01), and Helicobacter (P < 0.01) were increased in the ASD-FMT group compared with the TD-FMT group”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD led to differential microbial community structures in GF mice.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Principal-coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots revealed conspicuous differences in microbial community structures between the TD-FMT and ASD-FMT groups”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD led to differential microbial community structures in GF mice.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The protein expression level of TPH1 in the colon was notably upregulated in the ASD-FMT group compared with the TD-FMT group (P < 0.05)”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from ASD donors altered key proteins involved in serotonin synthesis and transport in colonized mice.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time spent sniffing mouse urine was significantly shorter in the ASD-FMT group than in the TD-FMT group (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1A).”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD facilitated abnormal behaviors in GF mice.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, unidentified_Bacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria were the most abundant bacteria present in the cecum in the two groups.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD led to differential microbial community structures in GF mice.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these three significantly upregulated metabolites in the ASD-FMT group were positively correlated with some genera in the order_Bacteroidetes (o_Bacteroidetes) (but not Butyricimonas) and negatively correlated with the order_Erysipelotrichales (o_Erysipelotrichales), family_Erysipelotrichaceae (f_Erysipelotrichaceae).”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > Specific bacteria in mice after FMT may be associated with tryptophan and serotonin metabolism.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Verrucomicrobia and unidentified_Bacteria showed statistically significant differences between the two groups and were identified as key phyla. At the genus level, Helicobacter, Lachnoclostridium, and Akkermansia showed significant between-group differences and were identified as key genera”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD led to differential microbial community structures in GF mice.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the prefrontal cortex samples, 65 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, of which 36 were downregulated and 29 were upregulated in the ASD-FMT group”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT altered the tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways in mice.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rarefaction curves for all the cecal samples collected from the TD-FMT and ASD-FMT mice tended to approach the saturation plateau (Fig. 2A), suggesting that the sequencing depth was enough to cover the whole bacterial diversity and was suitable for the present study.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD led to differential microbial community structures in GF mice.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with ASD exhibit altered tryptophan metabolism, with reduced levels of tryptophan and an increased kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio in the plasma”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S, Chartrand MS, Bjørklund G. 2019. How important is tryptophan in human health? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 59: 72– 88. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357534. 28799778
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in autistic children, the serotonin level is increased in the serum and decreased in the brain”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] De Theije CGM, Wu J, Da Silva SL, Kamphuis PJ, Garssen J, Korte SM, Kraneveld AD. 2011. Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management. Eur J Pharmacol 668: S70– S80. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.013. 21810417
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“some bacteria belonging to the genera Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Lactobacillus have been identified as being able to convert tryptophan to tryptamine”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Williams BB, Van Benschoten AH, Cimermancic P, Donia MS, Zimmermann M, Taketani M, Ishihara A, Kashyap PC, Fraser JS, Fischbach MA. 2014. Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe 16: 495– 503. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.001. 25263219 PMC4260654
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“microbiota transfer therapy, which changes the intestinal microenvironment, has improved behavioral problems and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with ASD”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Kang D-W, Adams JB, Coleman DM, Pollard EL, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S, Caporaso JG, Krajmalnik-Brown R. 2019. Long-term benefit of microbiota transfer therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota. Sci Rep 9: 5821. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42183-0. 30967657 PMC6456593 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TPH1 is present mainly in peripheral organs such as the intestines and spleen, while TPH2 predominates in the brain stem”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Walther DJ, Peter J-U, Bashammakh S, Hörtnagl H, Voits M, Fink H, Bader M. 2003. Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Science 299: 76. doi: 10.1126/science.1078197. 12511643
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our findings show that ASD-related intestinal microbes induced abnormal tryptophan and serotonin metabolism in both ASD-FMT mice and children with ASD”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > Tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways were also altered in fecal samples of children with ASD.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clostridia and Bacteroides can produce propionic acid”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] MacFabe DF, Cain NE, Boon F, Ossenkopp KP, Cain DP. 2011. Effects of the enteric bacterial metabolic product propionic acid on object-directed behavior, social behavior, cognition, and neuroinflammation in adolescent rats: relevance to autism spectrum disorder. Behav Brain Res 217: 47– 54. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.005. 20937326
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is difficult to distinguish whether the metabolites in the mouse cecum were derived from the host or from the gut microbiota.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TPH catalyzes the rate-limiting step in serotonin synthesis”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Khan WI, Ghia JE. 2010. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 161: 19– 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04150.x. 20408856 PMC2940144
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has been found that Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Dialister, Prevotella, Veillonella, and Turicibacter are decreased and that Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, and Clostridium are increased in the gut microbiota of children with ASD relative to TD children”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Liu F, Li J, Wu F, Zheng H, Peng Q, Zhou H. 2019. Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Transl Psychiatry 9: 43. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0389-6. 30696816 PMC6351640
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mice in the ASD-FMT group showed increased repetitive behaviors and decreased sociability compared to the mice in the TD-FMT group.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from children with ASD facilitated abnormal behaviors in GF mice.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we hypothesized that the gut microbiota from donors with ASD resulted in abnormalities in tryptophan and serotonin metabolism and altered the key proteins involved in the synthesis and transport of serotonin in mice.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > FMT from ASD donors altered key proteins involved in serotonin synthesis and transport in colonized mice.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compared with specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice, germ-free (GF) mice show social communication disorders and increased anxiety behaviors, and these abnormal social behaviors are corrected after the mice are colonized with normal microbiota”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Winek K, Dirnagl U, Meisel A. 2016. The gut microbiome as therapeutic target in central nervous system diseases: implications for stroke. Neurotherapeutics 13: 762– 774. doi: 10.1007/s13311-016-0475-x. 27714645 PMC5081128 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Crumeyrolle-Arias M, Jaglin M, Bruneau A, Vancassel S, Cardona A, Daugé V, Naudon L, Rabot S. 2014. Absence of the gut microbiota enhances anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine response to acute stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 42: 207– 217. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.014. 24636517
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it has been reported that serotonin may be associated with the symptoms of ASD”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Golubeva AV, Joyce SA, Moloney G, Burokas A, Sherwin E, Arboleya S, Flynn I, Khochanskiy D, Moya-Pérez A, Peterson V, Rea K, Murphy K, Makarova O, Buravkov S, Hyland NP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Gahan CGM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. 2017. Microbiota-related changes in bile acid & tryptophan metabolism are associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in a mouse model of autism. EBioMedicine 24: 166– 178. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.020. 28965876 PMC5652137
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Except for picky eating behavior (TD, 26/60 [43.3%]; ASD, 80/120 [66.7%] [P < 0.001]), the TD children were age, gender, region, height, weight, and socioeconomic status matched with the ASD group”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > RESULTS > Tryptophan metabolism and serotonergic synapse pathways were also altered in fecal samples of children with ASD.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the causal relationship between gut microbes, metabolites, and key metabolic proteins involved remains unclear.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Propionic acid may induce ASD-like behaviors upon intraventricular administration, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of neurotransmitters”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] MacFabe DF, Cain DP, Rodriguez-Capote K, Franklin AE, Hoffman JE, Boon F, Taylor AR, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. 2007. Neurobiological effects of intraventricular propionic acid in rats: possible role of short chain fatty acids on the pathogenesis and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res 176: 149– 169. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.025. 16950524 source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Mitsui R, Ono S, Karaki S, Kuwahara A. 2005. Neural and non-neural mediation of propionate-induced contractile responses in the rat distal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17: 585– 594. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00669.x. 16078948
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“multiple factors can affect the gut microbiome and metabolomics, and we cannot fully control the potential impacting factors.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This clinical trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number ChiCTR-ROC-14005442).”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also received health examinations and were proven to be free from any signs of developmental disorders or mental illness.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Subjects.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exclusion criteria included a history of other developmental disorders, neurological or psychiatric diseases, genetic metabolic disease, major physical illness, recent infections, and the use of medications, antibiotics, antifungals, probiotics, or prebiotics within 3 months before the sampling.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Subjects.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2 groups of mice were raised in 2 separate, gnotobiotic environments.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, none of the donors had received any medications, antibiotics, antifungals, probiotics, or prebiotics in the past 3 months.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health examinations were also conducted for the TD donors to confirm that they did not have any signs of developmental disorders or psychiatric diseases.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the number of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors is decreased in the brains of patients with anxiety and depression”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Meunier CNJ, Chameau P, Fossier PM. 2017. Modulation of synaptic plasticity in the cortex needs to understand all the players. Front Synaptic Neurosci 9: 2. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00002. 28203201 PMC5285384
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, ASD-related intestinal microorganisms may alter the expressions of related proteins involved in serotonin synthesis and transport in GF mice, which may be the molecular basis for the changes in tryptophan and serotonin metabolism.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION > Conclusions.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 5 ASD donors are representative of children with ASD.
In the paper
“High peripheral serotonin levels are associated with changes in SERTs and serotonin receptors in children with ASD”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Maes M, Anderson G, Betancort Medina SR, Seo M, Ojala JO. 2019. Integrating autism spectrum disorder pathophysiology: mitochondria, vitamin A, CD38, oxytocin, serotonin and melatonergic alterations in the placenta and gut. Curr Pharm Des 25: 4405– 4420. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666191102165459. 31682209
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“alterations in SERT levels can lead to physiological dysfunction”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Baganz NL, Blakely RD. 2013. A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotonin. ACS Chem Neurosci 4: 48– 63. doi: 10.1021/cn300186b. 23336044 PMC3547518
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diagnosis of ASD was made by a developmental pediatrician or psychologist through a series of structured interviews, according to DSM-5 criteria.”
- Also stated in: § Subjects. · plain
“ASD was diagnosed by a developmental pediatrician or psychologist through a series of structured interviews according to DSM-5 criteria.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Subjects. · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All 10 donors were boys aged 2 to 6 years with no history of other developmental disorders, neurological or psychiatric diseases, genetic metabolic diseases, or major physical illness.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 10Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mice could freely move through a small opening (6 by 6 cm) in each divider and were observed for 5 min in the empty box to confirm that each animal had no bias for any of the chambers.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > (iii) Three-chamber sociability test.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GF mice aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups: the mice in the TD-FMT group were gavaged with 200 μl of the fecal suspension obtained from the TD children, and the mice in the ASD-FMT group were gavaged with the same volume of the fecal suspension obtained from the children with ASD.”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Animals, donor selection, and FMT.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“SERTs are located on presynaptic serotonin nerve terminals as well as on axons and serotonin cell bodies in the raphe”
§ Fecal Microbiome Transplantation from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Modulates Tryptophan and Serotonergic Synapse Metabolism and Induces Altered Behaviors in Germ-Free Mice > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Daws LC, Gould GG. 2011. Ontogeny and regulation of the serotonin transporter: providing insights into human disorders. Pharmacol Ther 131: 61– 79. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.013. 21447358 PMC3131109
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The causal relationship between gut microbes and metabolites and ASD symptoms is not yet established.
“The relationship between the gut microbiota and ASD is not yet fully understood.”
“However, it is still not clear if these microbes and metabolites cause the development of ASD symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 5 ASD donors are representative of children with ASD.
“In this study, 5 TD children and 5 ASD children were recruited, and their fecal samples were collected as donor samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 5 TD donors are representative of typically developing children.
“In this study, 5 TD children and 5 ASD children were recruited, and their fecal samples were collected as donor samples.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is further confirmed by Xiao et al. [151], who performed a similar experiment, where mice seeded with ASD microbiota presented more autistic-like behaviors.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [151]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xiao, L., Yan, J., Yang, T., Zhu, J., Li, T., Wei, H., & Chen, J.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Army Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wei, Hong
- Chen, Jie
- Venue
- mSystems
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2021-04-27
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2379-5077 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8547010
- OpenAlex
- W3144114196
- Semantic Scholar
- 596a405f3452caa2386fa6290c0680dabbf7a2d5
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 6.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mSystems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470799, 31971089, 81770526)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, germ-free mice, tryptophan metabolism, serotonin metabolism, microbial metabolites
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