Acupuncture and Reflexology for Insomnia: A Feasibility Study

Hughes, Ciara M; McCullough, Carey A; Bradbury, Ian; Boyde, Carol; Hume, Diane; Yuan, Jiang; Quinn, Fionnuala; McDonough, Suzanne M

doi:10.1136/aim.2009.000760

Cited by 137Acupuncture Treatment Research StudiesSleep and related disordersComplementary and Alternative Medicine Studies

Acupuncture and Reflexology for Insomnia: A Feasibility Study

Hughes, Ciara M, McCullough, Carey A, Bradbury, Ian, Boyde, Carol, Hume, Diane, Yuan, Jiang, Quinn, Fionnuala, McDonough, Suzanne M·2009·Acupuncture in Medicine

DOI 10.1136/aim.2009.000760

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Abstract

Objective: To assess the feasibility of patient recruitment and retention, logistics of intervention and outcome measure sensitivity for a study designed to investigate the use of acupuncture and reflexology for the management of insomnia. Design: Feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial. Setting: University of Ulster Clinic. Patients: Thirteen participants with sleep disturbances. Interventions: Participants were randomised to receive one of three treatments, either: acupuncture (n = 5), reflexology (n = 4) or music therapy (n = 4). These treatments were administered six times over a 3-week period. Main outcome measures: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2) were recorded at baseline, post-treatment and follow-up. Each participant also completed a Sleep Diary. Results: Ten participants completed treatment. In the acupuncture and reflexology groups, a clinically relevant improvement in two out of three participants was observed on the PSQI following treatment. Music therapy produced no clinically important improvements. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting an RCT on the effect of acupuncture and reflexology in primary insomnia using PSQI as the primary outcome measure. Modifications for a more rigorous study design have been discussed. Results from such a study would address the lack of high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of such therapies.

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A change of 3.0 is considered a clinically important difference in the PSQI score.
“A change of 3.0 is considered a clinically important difference in the PSQI score [30].”
From Online prenatal trial in mindfulness sleep management (OPTIMISM): Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
The effect of exercise on PSQI in favor of the intervention was considered small.
“Therefore, the effect of exercise on PSQI in favor of the intervention (low-quality evidence) was considered small.”
From Exercise can improve sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Hughes et al., 2009
The positive effect of exercise on sleep quality was thought to be small, as PSQI scores dropped by 3.17 points, which is near the three-point minimum clinically significant difference.
“As to sleep quality, a three-point change in PSQI scores is considered indicative of a minimum clinically significant difference. ( 53 ) In this study, PSQI scores dropped by 3.17 points. Therefore, the positive effect of exercise on sleep quality (very low quality of evidence) was thought to be small.”
From Physical exercise as a therapeutic approach for adults with insomnia: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [53]

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“A reduction of 3 points on global PSQI is considere a clinically significant reduction [17,19,20], and it is noteworthy that all 5 participants alloca ted to receive either auricular therapy or selfacupressure had a reduction of 3 or more in global PSQI scores.”
Background
Impact of different types of physical exercise on sleep quality in older population with insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
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Background
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
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Cereset Research Standard Operating Procedures for Insomnia: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
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Method
Pulmonary Rehabilitation does not Improve Objective Measures of Sleep Quality in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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“In addition, improvement in PSQI did not exceed the minimal important difference (18).”
Background
Online prenatal trial in mindfulness sleep management (OPTIMISM): Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
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Efficacy of myofunctional therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
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Telehealth-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
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BackgroundInfluential
Effects of low-dose oral micronised progesterone on sleep, psychological distress, and breast development in transgender individuals undergoing feminising hormone therapy: a prospective controlled study
Nolan, B. J., Frydman, A. S., Leemaqz, S., Carroll, M., Grossmann, M., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2022) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-22-0170 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Sleep Quality in Heart Disease Patients with and without Heart Failure
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“In our study we decided to consider a change of 3 or more points to indicate the minimum clinically significant difference, in accordance with Hughes [29].”
BackgroundResult
Self‐reported sleep quality and exercise in polycystic ovary syndrome: A secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial
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“A minimal clinically important difference in the PSQI is a change in score of 3 or greater.(27) To evaluate sleep disturbance in further detail, a validated three‐factor scoring model was also used.”
Method
Sleep quality and lymphedema in breast cancer survivors: a mixed method analysis
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WATSU therapy for individuals with Parkinson's disease to improve quality of sleep and quality of life: A randomized controlled study
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Effectiveness of melatonin treatment for sleep disturbance in orthopaedic trauma patients: A prospective, randomized control trial
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Androgen Deprivation and Sleep Disturbance
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Influence of Study Design on Outcomes Following Reflexology Massage: An Integrative and Critical Review of Interventional Studies
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Alone or in Combination with Eszopiclone in Comorbid Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Trial
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“Assuming a correlation coefficient of 0.7 between pre-and post-treatment [40 ], 21 patients per arm were needed to achieve 80% power at a significance level of 5% in order to detect a clinically significant difference of 3 units in PSQI [ 41].”
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Evaluation of a tactile breath pacer for sleep problems: A mixed method pilot study
Vermeylen, S., Honinx, E., Broes, S., Vandenhoudt, H., & Witte, N. A. J. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.908159 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluential
Sleep quality during pregnancy: the role of anxiety, fear of childbirth, and obstetric factors – a multicenter cross-sectional study
Banaei, M., Alizadeh, S., Roozbeh, N., Naz, M. S. G., Taghvaei, E., Parviz, L., & Ghasemi, V. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25142-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Interval Training and Sleep Hygiene for Improving Sleep in Older Adults
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The effect of lidocaine intraoperative infusion on quality of postoperative sleep in patients undergoing thyroidectomy: a randomized controlled trial
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“The PSQI has a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of ≥ 3 [18], so we chose 3 scores as the estimated variability between the two groups.”
Method
Impact of adherence to exercise interventions on effectiveness in a randomized controlled trial in improving sleep in advanced lung cancer patients: A comparison between aerobic exercise and Tai Chi
Takemura, N., Cheung, D. S. T., Fong, D., & Lin, C. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523000962 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We assessed the association of attendance, compliance with home-based practice, and perceived satisfaction with sleep improvement at 4 and 12 months, defined as a change in PSQI that reached the MCID of at least 3 points, through logistic regression.”
Treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in opioid users with adaptive servo-ventilation: a subgroup analysis of the European READ-ASV registry
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“30 The EQ-5D includes 5 items that are each rated from 1 – 5 (1 meaning no problems and 5 meaning severe problems).”
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in people with cancer
Cai, Z., Tang, Y., Liu, C., Li, H., Zhao, G., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015176.pub2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Teriparatide Plus Zoledronic Acid for Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Hald, J. D., Weir, C. J., Keerie, C., Dewar, L., MacLean, M., Milne, L., Keen, R. W., Walsh, J., Poole, K. E. S., Langdahl, B. L., et al. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2026.6889 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Effects of 4-Week Respiratory Muscle Training on Cardiopulmonary Parameters and Cognitive Function in Male Patients with OSA
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Onabotulinumtoxin A Improves Psychological Aspects in Chronic Migraine Patients
Al-Hashel, J., Ashkanani, H. K. A. H. A., Almutairi, O., Bokubar, F., Mubarak, S., Alwazzan, S., Alroughani, R., Youssry, D., & Ahmed, S. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.633355 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“On the other hand, a reduction by ≥3-point in the total PSQI score was considered a clinically meaningful improvement (22).”
Background
Improvement of sleep quality in isolated metastatic patients with spinal cord compression after surgery
Cao, S., Xin, B., Yu, Y., Cheng, P., Zhu, C., Deng, M., Gao, X., Chu, J., & Liu, T. (2023) · World Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1186/s12957-023-02895-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Additionally, an improvement in the global PSQI score of ≥ 3 points was considered a minimal clinically important difference [20].”
Background
Effect of a supervised intermittent exercise program on insomnia in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
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“For the ISI, PSQI, and MFI-20 questionnaires, a Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID) was defined respectively as ≥ 6 points [23], ≥ 3 points [24] and ≥ 2 points.”
Lumbar spinal stenosis and surgical decompression affect sleep quality and position in patients. A prospective cross-sectional cohort study
Papavero, L., Wilke, J., Ali, N., Schawjinski, K., Holtdirk, A., & Schöller, K. (2024) · Brain and Spine · doi:10.1016/j.bas.2024.102785 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Low‐energy differential target multiplexed SCS derivative reduces pain and improves quality of life through 12 months in patients with chronic back and/or leg pain
Peacock, J., Provenzano, D. A., Fishman, M. A., Amirdelfan, K., Bromberg, T. A., Schmidt, T., White, T., Grewal, P. K., Justiz, R., Calodney, A. K., et al. (2024) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13407 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The development, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a sleep health intervention on frailty and quality of life in older adults.
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Telehealth cognitive behaviour therapy for the management of sleep disturbance in women with early breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a feasibility study
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“…more has been recommended as the minimal clinically important difference for the PSQI; therefore an improvement in sleep quality in an individual is defined as a ≥ 3 point decrease in their PSQI total score from baseline to 9 weeks, and deterioration in sleep quality as a ≥ 3 point increase [20].”
Background
Associations among sleep quality, cognitive processing therapy, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a primary care setting
Park, N., Rouvere, J., Chase, E., Blanchard, B. E., Kaysen, D. L., Hendrickson, R. C., Fortney, J. C., & Cerimele, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23132 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The minimal important difference in previous literature ranges from 3.0 to 4.4 (Hughes et al., 2009; Longo et al., 2021).”
Influential
Treatment Effects of Acupuncture and Calligraphy Training on Cognitive Abilities in Senile Demented Patients
Kao, H. S. R., Wang, M., Yu, S., Yuan, S., Fung, M. M. Y., Zhu, L., Lam, S. P. W., Kao, T. T., & Kao, X. (2019) · Chinese Medicine and Culture · doi:10.4103/cmac.cmac_18_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Changes over time in family members of adults with mild traumatic brain injury
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“The MCID in a sample of patients with sleep disturbance is –3 (Hughes et al., 2009).”
Background
Traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and response to acupuncture for insomnia: An analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials
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“Interestingly, the total PSQI decreased from the baseline in both follow-ups, meeting the minimal clinically important difference of ≥3 as suggested by previous evidence (Hughes et al., 2009; Eadie et al., 2013; McDonnell et al., 2014; Weinberg et al., 2020).”
Background
“The Days Are Long But the Nights Are Even Longer”: A Mixed-Method Study of Sleep Disturbances Among Patients in an Inpatient Rehabilitation Program
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Correspondence to:
Yuan, J., Quinn, F., Mcdonough, S. M., & Reflexology Association (2016)
Self-citation
Comparison of Sedative Effect of Specific Acupuncture and Foot Reflexology in Primary Insomnia
Srimathi, R. (2020)
Acupressure, reflexology, and auricular acupressure for insomnia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Yeung, W., Chung, K., Poon, M. M.-K., Ho, F. Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, Z.-J., Ziea, E. T.-C., & Wong, V. T. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Clinical Observations on the Treatment of Insomnia by Acupuncture as Main Therapy
Zi-we, Y. (2008) · Shanghai zhenjiu zazhi
Effect of acupuncture in auxiliary treatment of the refractory insomnia
Zhou, Y. (2011) · Hainan Yixueyuan xuebao

Authors: Hughes, C. M., McCullough, C. A., Bradbury, I., Boyde, C., Hume, D., Yuan, J., Quinn, F., & McDonough, S. M.
Affiliations: University of Ulster (GB)
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Ulster, UK
British Association of Dermatologists (GB)
Corresponding author: Hughes, Ciara M
ORCID: Hughes, Ciara M
Bradbury, Ian
McDonough, Suzanne M
Venue: Acupuncture in Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-12
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 163-168
ISSN: 0964-5284 (ISSN-L)
1759-9873
DOI: 10.1136/aim.2009.000760
OpenAlex: W2146381169
Cited by: 136
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 3.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Acupuncture in Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Acupuncture Treatment Research Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
Keywords: acupuncture, reflexology, insomnia, primary insomnia, music therapy, sleep quality, patient recruitment and retention, feasibility, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SF-36v2, sleep diary
MeSH terms: Adult, Combined Modality Therapy, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Massage, Middle Aged, Music Therapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Reproducibility of Results, Acupuncture Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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Acupuncture and Reflexology for Insomnia: A Feasibility Study

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