Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus azathioprine in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised clinical trial
Abstract
Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) versus azathioprine (AZA) in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease.Methods A multicentre, 24-month, superiority, open-label, randomised controlled trial (NCT01112215) was conducted with 240 patients (120 per arm) receiving either EC-MPS (target dose: 1440 mg/day) or AZA (target dose: 2 mg/kg/day) in addition to prednisone and/or antimalarials. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving clinical remission, assessed by SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG), at 3 and 24 months. Secondary endpoints included time to clinical remission, BILAG A and B flare rates, time to flare, corticosteroid reduction and adverse events (AEs).Results Proportion of patients achieving clinical remission (clinical SLEDAI=0) was higher in the EC-MPS group at 3 (32.5% vs 19.2%; treatment difference, 13.3 (CI 2.3 to 24), p=0.034) and 24 months (71.2% vs 48.3%; treatment difference, 22.9 (CI 10.4 to 34.4), p<0.001). EC-MPS was superior with respect to time to clinical remission (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.91; p=0.017). BILAG A/B and B flares occurred more frequently in the AZA group (71.7% vs 50%, p=0.001 and 21.67% vs 8.3%, p=0.004, respectively). EC-MPS was superior with respect to time to first BILAG A/B (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.56; p=0.0004) and BILAG A flare (HR 2.84; 95% CI 1.37 to 5.89; p=0.003). AEs were similar in both groups except for leucopenia that occurred more frequently with AZA.Conclusions EC-MPS was superior to AZA in treating SLE and preventing further relapses.Trial registration number NCT01112215; Results.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a recent randomised, open-label trial in extrarenal SLE, enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium was superior to azathioprine in achieving remission and reducing flares.
“In a recent randomised, open-label trial in extrarenal SLE, enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) was superior to AZA in achieving remission and reducing flares.”
From 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
Cites
The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
Tan, E. M., Cohen, A. S., Fries, J. F., Masi, A. T., Mcshane, D. J., Rothfield, N. F., Schaller, J. G., Talal, N., & Winchester, R. J. (1982) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780251101 · Cited by 14,519 · see citing works
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX
Gladman, D. D., Ibañez, D., & Urowitz, M. B. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04434-9.50060-9 · Cited by 2,928 · see citing works
Rahman, A., & Isenberg, D. A. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra071297 · Cited by 1,633 · see citing works
Mycophenolate Mofetil versus Cyclophosphamide for Induction Treatment of Lupus Nephritis
Appel, G. B., Contreras, G. N., Dooley, M. A., Ginzler, E. M., Isenberg, D. A., Jayne, D. R. W., Leishi, L., Mysler, E., Accent]nchez-Guerrero, J. S. A., Solomons, N., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2008101028 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Rahman, M. U. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4007-1.50153-x · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Patients with Diffuse Proliferative Lupus Nephritis
Chan, T. M., Li, F., Tang, C. S.-O., Wong, R. W. S., Fang, G. X., Ji, Y., Lau, C. S., Wong, A. K., Tong, M. K. L., Chan, K. W., et al. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200010193431604 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Boumpas, D. T., Austin, H. A., Balow, J. E., Vaughan, E. M., Yarboro, C. H., Klippel, J. H., & Steinberg, A. D. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92292-n · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Definition and initial validation of a Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS)
Franklyn, K., Lau, C. S., Navarra, S., Louthrenoo, W., Lateef, A., Hamijoyo, L., Wahono, C. S., Chen, S. L., Jin, O., Morton, S., et al. (2015) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207726 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Gladman, D. D., Urowitz, M. B., Goldsmith, C. H., Fortin, P., Ginzler, E., Gordon, C., Hanly, J. G., Isenberg, D. A., Kalunian, K., Nived, O., et al. (1997) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780400506 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Mycophenolate versus Azathioprine as Maintenance Therapy for Lupus Nephritis
Dooley, M. A., Jayne, D. R. W., Ginzler, E. M., Isenberg, D. A., Olsen, N. J., Wofsy, D., Eitner, F., Appel, G. B., Contreras, G. N., Lisk, L., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014460 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Methylprednisolone and Cyclophosphamide, Alone or in Combination, in Patients with Lupus Nephritis
Gourley, M. F., Austin, H. A., III, Scott, D., Yarboro, C. H., Vaughan, E. M., Muir, J., Boumpas, D. T., Klippel, J. H., Balow, J. E., & Steinberg, A. D. (1996) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-7-199610010-00003 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Patients with Diffuse Proliferative Lupus Nephritis
Karassa, F. B., & Isenberg, D. A. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200102013440513 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Houssiau, F., D’Cruz, D. P., Sangle, S. R., Remy, P., Vasconcelos, C., Petrović, R., Fiehn, C., Garrido, E. D. R., Gilboe, I., Tektonidou, M. G., et al. (2010) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2010.131995 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Novel evidence‐based systemic lupus erythematosus responder index
Furie, R. A., Petri, M., Wallace, D. J., Ginzler, E. M., Merrill, J. T., Stohl, W., Chatham, W. W., Strand, V., Weinstein, A., Chevrier, M. R., et al. (2009) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24698 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
van Vollenhoven, R., Voskuyl, A. E., Bertsias, G. K., Aranow, C. B., Aringer, M., Arnaud, L., Askanase, A., Balážová, P., Bonfá, E., Bootsma, H., et al. (2016) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209519 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Petri, M., Genovese, M. C., Engle, E. W., & Hochberg, M. C. (1991) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780340802 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Prolonged remission in Caucasian patients with SLE: prevalence and outcomes
Zen, M., Iaccarino, L., Gatto, M., Bettio, S., Nalotto, L., Ghirardello, A., Punzi, L., & Doria, A. (2015) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207347 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Anderka, M., Lin, A. E., Abuelo, D. N., Mitchell, A. A., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32685 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Fortin, P. R., Abrahamowicz, M., Ferland, D., Lacaille, D. V., Smith, C. D., Zummer, M., & Canadian Network For Improved Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24068 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Ginzler, E. M., Wofsy, D., Isenberg, D. A., Gordon, C., Lisk, L., & Dooley, M.-A. (2009) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.25052 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Mycophenolate mofetil for systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to other immunosuppressive agents
Karim, M. Y. (2002) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/41.8.876 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Zeher, M., Doria, A., Lan, J.-L., Aroca, G., Jayne, D. R. W., Boletis, I. N., Hiepe, F., Prestele, H., Bernhardt, P., & Amoura, Z. (2011) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203311418269 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Numerical scoring for the BILAG-2004 index
Yee, C., Cresswell, L., Farewell, V. T., Rahman, A., Teh, L., Griffiths, B., Bruce, I. N., Ahmad, Y. A., Prabu, A., Akil, M., et al. (2010) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keq026 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Definition and treatment of lupus flares measured by the BILAG index
Gordon, C. (2003) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg382 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Hahn, B. H., KANTOR, O. S., & OSTERLAND, C. K. (1975) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-83-5-597 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Tam, L., Li, E. K., Wong, C., Lam, C., & Szeto, C. (2004) · Lupus · doi:10.1191/0961203304lu1067sr · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Yee, C., Farewell, V. T., Isenberg, D. A., Rahman, A., Teh, L., Griffiths, B., Bruce, I. N., Ahmad, Y. A., Prabu, A., Akil, M., et al. (2007) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.23130 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
xAzathioprine therapy for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Abu‐Shakra, M., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2001) · Lupus · doi:10.1191/096120301676669495 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Mycophenolate mofetil in systemic lupus erythematosus: efficacy and tolerability in 86 patients.
Pisoni, C. N., Sanchez, F. J., Karim, M. Y., Cuadrado, M. J., D’Cruz, D. P., Abbs, I. C., Khamasta, M. A., & Hughes, G. R. V. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Griffiths, B., Emery, P., Ryan, V., Isenberg, D. A., Akil, M., Thompson, R. D., Maddison, P. J., Griffiths, I. D., Lorenzi, A. R., Miles, S., et al. (2010) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep396 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Mok, C. C. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/03009740701607042 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
KOBASHIGAWA, J. A., Renlund, D. G., Gerosa, G., Almenar, L., Eisen, H. J., KEOGH, A. M., Lehmkuhl, H. B., Livi, U., Ross, H. J., Segovia, J., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2006.04.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bijl, M., Horst, G., Bootsma, H., Limburg, P. C., & Kallenberg, C. G. M. (2003) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.62.6.534 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Tselios, K., Gladman, D. D., Su, J., & Urowitz, M. B. (2016) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.150779 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Yahya, F., Raja, J., Ng, C. T., Cheah, T. E., & Sockalingam, S. (2013) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.12179 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Oelzner, P., Abendroth, K., Hein, G. E., & Stein, G. (1996) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/bf01419725 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bandt, M. D., Goycochea, M. V., Meyer, O., Delahousse, M., Palazzo, É., M’bappe, P., & Mf, K. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in pediatric lupus nephritis: a retrospective cohort study
Chou, H., Chen, M.-J., & Chiou, Y. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-015-1171-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus
Fanouriakis, A., Kostopoulou, M., Alunno, A., Aringer, M., Bajema, I., Boletis, J. N., Cervera, R., Doria, A., Gordon, C., Govoni, M., et al. (2019) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215089 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and clinical management
Fava, A., & Petri, M. (2018) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.001 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Update οn the diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus
Fanouriakis, A., Tziolos, N., Bertsias, G. K., & Boumpas, D. T. (2020) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218272 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Novel paradigms in systemic lupus erythematosus
Dörner, T., & Furie, R. A. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30546-x · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Hoi, A. Y.-B., Igel, T. F., Mok, C. C., & Arnaud, L. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00398-2 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and tacrolimus: mechanisms in rheumatology
Broen, J. C. A., & van Laar, J. M. (2020) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0374-8 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Smith, E. M. D., Lythgoe, H., Midgley, A., Beresford, M. W., & Hedrich, C. M. (2019) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2019.108274 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ruiz‐Irastorza, G., & Bertsias, G. K. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa403 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Guidelines for treatment of Susac syndrome – An update
Rennebohm, R. M., Asdaghi, N., Srivastava, S. K., & Gertner, E. (2018) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493017751737 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Advances in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus
Morand, E. F., Fernandez‐Ruiz, R., Blazer, A., & Niewold, T. B. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073980 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Morand, E. F., Trasieva, T., Berglind, A., Illei, G. G., & Tummala, R. (2018) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212504 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and targeted therapy
Su, X., Yu, H. M., Lei, Q., Chen, X., Tong, Y., Zhang, Z., Yang, W., Guo, Y., & Lin, L. (2024) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-024-00217-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
2020 Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
Li, M., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., Huang, C., Liu, Y., Gu, J., Zhang, X., Xu, H., Li, X., Wu, L., et al. (2020) · Rheumatology and Immunology Research · doi:10.2478/rir-2020-0009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Treatment targets in SLE: remission and low disease activity state
Golder, V., & Tsang-A-Sjoe, M. W. P. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa420 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sammaritano, L. R., Askanase, A., Bermas, B. L., Dall’Era, M., Duarte‐García, A., Hiraki, L. T., Son, M. B. F., Werth, V. P., Aranow, C. B., Barnado, A., et al. (2025) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.25690 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Changing paradigms in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
Fanouriakis, A., & Bertsias, G. K. (2019) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2018-000310 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Development of the Asia Pacific Lupus Collaboration cohort
Kandane‐Rathnayake, R., Golder, V., Louthrenoo, W., Luo, S., Wu, Y. J., Li, Z., An, Y., Lateef, A., Sockalingam, S., Navarra, S., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13431 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
Hannon, C. W., McCourt, C., Lima, H., Chen, S. C., & Bennett, C. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007478.pub2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Liu, F., Ren, T., Li, X., Zhai, Q., Xu, X., Zhang, N., Peng, J. C., Niu, Y., Lv, L., Shi, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.626217 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Morand, E. F., Isenberg, D. A., Wallace, D. J., Kao, A. H., Vazquez‐Mateo, C., Chang, P., Pudota, K., Aranow, C. B., & Merrill, J. T. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa029 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Risk of adverse events from different drugs for SLE: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Tian, J., Luo, Y., Wu, H., Long, H., Zhao, M. F., & Lu, Q. (2018) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2017-000253 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Perspectives on Mycophenolate Mofetil in the Management of Autoimmunity
Bhat, R., Tonutti, A., Timilsina, S., Selmi, C. F., & Gershwin, M. E. (2023) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-023-08963-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Treat to target, remission and low disease activity in SLE
Morand, E. F., & Mosca, M. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sammaritano, L. R., Askanase, A., Bermas, B. L., Dall’Era, M., Duarte‐García, A., Hiraki, L. T., Son, M. B. F., Werth, V. P., Aranow, C. B., Barnado, A., et al. (2025) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.43452 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Babaoğlu, H., Li, J., GOLDMAN, D. W., Magder, L. S., & Petri, M. (2019) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24063 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Floris, A., Piga, M., Perra, D., Chessa, E., Congia, M., Mathieu, A., & Cauli, A. (2019) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24086 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Systemic safety analysis of mycophenolate in Graves’ orbitopathy
Lee, A. C. H., Riedl, M., Frommer, L., Diana, T., & Kahaly, G. J. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-019-01161-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
McKeon, K., & Jiang, S. (2020) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2020.022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Piga, M., Parodis, I., Touma, Z., Legge, A. C., Ugarte-Gil, M. F., Hmamouchi, I., Gómez-Puerta, J. A., Devilliers, H., Zen, M., Cho, J., et al. (2025) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103773 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis
Peiffer‐Smadja, N., Domont, F., Saadoun, D., & Cacoub, P. (2019) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.04.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hamidou, M. A., Néel, A., Poupon, J., Amoura, Z., Ebbo, M., Sibilia, J., Viallard, J., Gaborit, B. J., Volteau, C., Hardouin, J.-B., et al. (2021) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-021-02454-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinical update
Connelly, K., & Morand, E. F. (2021) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.15448 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kilian, A., Chock, Y. P. E., Huang, I. J., Graef, E. R., Upton, L. A., Khilnani, A., Krupnikova, S. S., AlMaghlouth, I. A., Cappelli, L. C., Fernandez‐Ruiz, R., et al. (2020) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.07.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mycophenolate Mofetil and New-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
You, Y., Zhou, Z., Wang, F., Li, J., Liu, H., Cheng, X., Su, Y., Chen, X., Zheng, H., Sun, Y., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.32131 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A glimpse into the future of systemic lupus erythematosus
Aringer, M., Alarcón-Riquelme, M. E., Clowse, M. E. B., Pons-Estel, G. J., Vital, E. M. J., & Dall’Era, M. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x221086719 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus
Shumilova, A. A., & Vital, E. M. J. (2023) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2023.101859 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Worm, M., Zidane, M., Eisert, L., Fischer‐Betz, R., Foeldvari, I., Günther, C., Iking‐Konert, C., Kreuter, A., Müller‐Ladner, U., Nast, A., et al. (2021) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.14491 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Disease-modifying therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus for extrarenal manifestations
Askanase, A., Furie, R. A., Dall’Era, M., Bomback, A. S., Schwarting, A., Zhao, M., Bruce, I. N., Khamashta, M. A., Rubin, B., Carroll, A., et al. (2024) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2023-001124 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Treatment Update in Systemic Lupus Erythematous
Hoi, A. Y.-B., & Morand, E. F. (2021) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2021.04.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stem cells for lupus nephritis: a concise review of current knowledge
Sattwika, P. D., Mustafa, R., Paramaiswari, A., & Herningtyas, E. H. (2018) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203318793206 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Disease activity assessment in systemic lupus erythematosus
Lin, A. E., Wakhlu, A., & Connelly, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Lupus · doi:10.3389/flupu.2024.1442013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Choi, M. Y., Li, D., Feldman, C. H., Yoshida, K., Guan, H., Kim, S. C., Everett, B. M., & Costenbader, K. H. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa862 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mycophenolate and methotrexate are better tolerated than azathioprine in myasthenia gravis
Dodd, K. C., Ahmed, R., Ambrose, P. A., Holt, J. K. L., Jacob, S., Leite, M. I., Miller, J. A. L., San, P. P., Spillane, J. E., Viegas, S., et al. (2024) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2024.03.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Aringer, M., Arnaud, L., Furie, R. A., Morand, E. F., PESCHKEN, C. A., Hoi, A. Y.-B., Desta, B., Hedberg, J., Eén, T. G., Sorrentino, A., et al. (2025) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2024-001336 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Measurement of specific organ domains in lupus randomized controlled trials: a scoping review
Connelly, K., Vettivel, J., Golder, V., Kandane‐Rathnayake, R., & Morand, E. F. (2021) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab777 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Potential of resveratrol in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (Review)
Huo, R., Yang, Y., Huo, X., Meng, D., Huang, R., Yang, Y., Lin, J.-Y., Huang, Y., Xia Shuang, Z. H. U., Wei, C., et al. (2024) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2024.13306 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Montes, R. A. D. L., Huq, M. M., Godfrey, T., Oon, S., Calderone, A., Kandane‐Rathnayake, R., Louthrenoo, W., Luo, S., Wu, Y. J., Golder, V., et al. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-024-00366-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Management of systemic lupus erythematosus: A new scenario
Moysidou, G.-S., Mastrogiorgakis, D., Boumpas, D. T., & Bertsias, G. K. (2023) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2023.101895 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Uçar, D., Esatoğlu, S. N., Çerme, E., Oto, B. B., Hamuryudan, V., Seyahi, E., Melikoğlu, M., Fresko, İ., Özyazgan, Y., & Hatemi, G. (2023) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-023-05420-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
2025 Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
Zhao, J., Zhang, S., Wang, Q., Tian, X., Chen, Y., Li, M., & Zeng, X. (2025) · Rheumatology and Immunology Research · doi:10.1515/rir-2025-0017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yusof, M. Y. M., Smith, E. M. D., Lythgoe, H., Psarras, A., Armon, K., Beresford, M. W., Cherry, L. S., Edwards, C. J., Felix, L., Flora, K., et al. (2026) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keag223 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advances in the pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus
Tsoi, A., Nikolopoulos, D., & Parodis, I. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2354457 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Systemischer Lupus erythematodes (SLE) – neue Klassifikationskriterien
Aringer, M., & Dörner, T. (2018) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-0542-3409 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Martin, K., DELEVEAUX, S., Cunningham, M. H., Ramaswamy, K., Thomas, B. S., Lerma, E. V., & Madariaga, H. M. (2022) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101465 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Worm, M., Zidane, M., Eisert, L., Fischer‐Betz, R., Foeldvari, I., Günther, C., Iking‐Konert, C., Kreuter, A., Müller‐Ladner, U., Nast, A., et al. (2021) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.14491_g · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Попкова, Т. В., Panafidina, T. A., & Solovyev, S. K. (2019) · Rheumatology Science and Practice · doi:10.14412/1995-4484-2019-496-510 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Systemischer Lupus erythematodes
Aringer, M., & Schneider, M. (2021) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-021-00948-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dar, S., Koirala, S., Khan, A., Bellary, M. D., Patel, A. V., Mathew, B., Singh, R., Baigam, N., Razzaq, W., Abdin, Z. U., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.43725 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nijjar, J. S., & Smith, K. G. C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812102-3.00030-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yan, B., Tie, X., Wang, L., Qiao, X., & Su, X. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Systemischer Lupus erythematodes
Aringer, M., & Schneider, M. (2021) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-021-04794-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Systemischer Lupus Erythematodes (SLE) (engl. Systemic lupus erythematosus)
Winterhalter, S., & Hiepe, F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60399-4_49 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mücke, J., & Aringer, M. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie · doi:10.1007/s00393-024-01544-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Frangou, E. A., Bertsias, G. K., & Boumpas, D. T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814551-7.00064-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Comorbid Ankylosing Spondylitis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Therapeutic Challenge
DeBoisblanc, C. E., Nava, V. E., Chauhan, S., & Joseph, J. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.57080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aljohani, K., Naguib, G. H., Mira, A. I., Alnowaiser, A. M., Hamed, M. T., Abougazia, A. O., Alzarani, G. A., Noorsaeed, R. M., & Kayal, R. A. (2025) · Oral · doi:10.3390/oral5020035 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Doria, A., van Vollenhoven, R., Morand, E. F., Mosca, M., Nåtman, J., Waratani, M., Knagenhjelm, J., Lindholm, C., & Kielar, D. (2026) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2025-001891 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, S., Yao, S., Tie, X., Shi, X., Feng, R., Su, X., & Wang, L. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074662 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aseeva, E. A., Solovyev, S. K., Pletnev, E. A., Koilubaeva, G., Issayeva, B., & Nasonov, E. L. (2025) · Rheumatology Science and Practice · doi:10.47360/1995-4484-2025-229-238 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Immunosuppressive drug therapy
Aftab, I., Ginzler, E. M., & Dvorkina, O. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-93232-5.00064-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Essential and Optional Drugs for Rheumatic Diseases
Aringer, M. (2018) · Technical report · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63887-8.00004-9
Immunosuppressive therapy in SLE
Wise, L. M., & Stohl, W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820583-9.00044-0
Innovationen in der Arzneimitteltherapie des systemischen Lupus erythematodes
Mücke, J., & Schneider, M. (2022) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-021-01250-3
Innovationen in der Arzneimitteltherapie des systemischen Lupus erythematodes
Mücke, J., & Schneider, M. (2022) · rheuma plus · doi:10.1007/s12688-022-00540-4
Systemischer Lupus erythematodes: Strukturierte Diagnostik – Erfolg versprechende Therapie
Aringer, M., & Günther, C. (2023) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt · doi:10.3238/persimmun.2023.02.10.01
Was ist gesichert in der Therapie des systemischen Lupus erythematodes?
Gödecke, V., & Witte, T. (2023) · Die Innere Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00108-023-01624-9
Neue Wirkstoffe ermöglichen gute Krankheitskontrolle
Gödecke, V., & Witte, T. (2024) · Deutsche Dermatologie · doi:10.1007/s15011-024-6432-9
Systemischer Lupus Erythematodes 2023
Mücke, J., & Aringer, M. (2024) · Aktuelle Rheumatologie · doi:10.1055/a-2239-4786
Head-to-Head-Studien bei Kollagenosen und Vaskulitiden
Hellmich, B., Mücke, J., & Aringer, M. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie · doi:10.1007/s00393-024-01537-4
Was ist gesichert in der Therapie des systemischen Lupus erythematodes?
Gödecke, V., & Witte, T. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie · doi:10.1007/s00393-024-01551-6
SLE classification criteria item relationships: implications on SLE as a disease entity
Aringer, M., Szelinski, F., Dörner, T., Costenbader, K. H., & Johnson, S. R. (2025) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ard.2025.07.024
Alamri, S. Y., Hamzi, S. H. H., Alshwiman, M. S., Alqarni, Z., Alharbi, S. S., Albalawi, A. K. D., Al-Balwi, A. K. T., Dagriri, H. A., Albalawi, M. A., & Hamzi, S. H. H. (2025) · Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.64483/20252261
de Luca Montes, R. A., Huq, M. M., Godfrey, T., Oon, S., Calderone, A., Kandane‐Rathnayake, R., Louthrenoo, W., Luo, S.-F., Jan Wu, Y.-J., Golder, V., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25779500
de Luca Montes, R. A., Huq, M. M., Godfrey, T., Oon, S., Calderone, A., Kandane‐Rathnayake, R., Louthrenoo, W., Luo, S.-F., Jan Wu, Y.-J., Golder, V., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25779380
Hamidou, M. A., Néel, A., Poupon, J., Amoura, Z., Ebbo, M., Sibilia, J., Viallard, J., Gaborit, B., Volteau, C., Hardouin, J.-B., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14157715
Lupus Arthritis: What We Know and What Remains Unknown?
Pekdiker, M. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1014192
Turk, M., Hausman, J., & Pope, J. E. (2026) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2026.104096
Abhishek, A., Carroll, C., Essat, M., Leaviss, J., Nakafero, G., Fuller, A., Grainge, M. J., Hancox, J. E., Williams, H. C., Card, T. R., et al. (2025) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/plrf8845
Updates on the Evaluation of Lupus Arthritis
Tang, W., Nordmann-Gomes, A., Khalili, L., Rosas, G., Montgomery, E., Zhang, L., Suh, S., Clancy, R. M., & Askanase, A. (2026) · Rheumatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40744-026-00879-6
- Authors
- Ordi-Ros, J., Sáez-Comet, L., Pérez-Conesa, M., Vidal, X., Mitjavila, F., Castro Salomó, A., Cuquet Pedragosa, J., Ortiz-Santamaria, V., Mauri Plana, M., & Cortés-Hernández, J.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (ES)
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari (ES)
- Bellvitge University Hospital (ES)
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Cortés-Hernández, Josefina
- Venue
- Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1575-1582
- ISSN
- 0003-4967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2609479377
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Transplantation › Renal Transplantation Outcomes and Treatments
- Keywords
- systemic lupus erythematosus, mycophenolate sodium, azathioprine, immunosuppressive therapy, clinical remission, disease flares, corticosteroid tapering, adverse events, SLEDAI-2000, BILAG, prednisone, antimalarial drugs, treatment safety and efficacy comparison, relapse after remission
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antimalarials, Azathioprine, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Male, Middle Aged, Mycophenolic Acid, Prednisone, Remission Induction, Tablets, Enteric-Coated
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
