2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus
Open accessAbstract
Objective To develop new classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) jointly supported by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). Methods This international initiative had four phases. (1) Evaluation of antinuclear antibody (ANA) as an entry criterion through systematic review and meta-regression of the literature and criteria generation through an international Delphi exercise, an early patient cohort and a patient survey. (2) Criteria reduction by Delphi and nominal group technique exercises. (3) Criteria definition and weighting based on criterion performance and on results of a multi-criteria decision analysis. (4) Refinement of weights and threshold scores in a new derivation cohort of 1001 subjects and validation compared with previous criteria in a new validation cohort of 1270 subjects. Results The 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for SLE include positive ANA at least once as obligatory entry criterion; followed by additive weighted criteria grouped in seven clinical (constitutional, haematological, neuropsychiatric, mucocutaneous, serosal, musculoskeletal, renal) and three immunological (antiphospholipid antibodies, complement proteins, SLE-specific antibodies) domains, and weighted from 2 to 10. Patients accumulating ≥10 points are classified. In the validation cohort, the new criteria had a sensitivity of 96.1% and specificity of 93.4%, compared with 82.8% sensitivity and 93.4% specificity of the ACR 1997 and 96.7% sensitivity and 83.7% specificity of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics 2012 criteria. Conclusion These new classification criteria were developed using rigorous methodology with multidisciplinary and international input, and have excellent sensitivity and specificity. Use of ANA entry criterion, hierarchically clustered and weighted criteria reflect current thinking about SLE and provide an improved foundation for SLE research.
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A positive anti-dsDNA result gives 6 out of 10 points required for classification.
“Given the high impact of a positive result, i.e., 6 out of 10 points required for classification”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Derivation cohort passage identifies anti-dsDNA as a weighted SLE-specific antibody criterion and gives a classification threshold of at least 10 points. The Criteria section requires an anti-dsDNA assay with demonstrated specificity of at least 90%, but the passages available from our copy do not state that this criterion receives six points. Thus the specific 6-out-of-10 claim is not verified by the available text. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe more specific antibodies for SLE as anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm are grouped in one domain and weighted equally by 6 points, while aPL antibodies are grouped in a second domain accounting for only 2 points.
“The more specific antibodies for SLE as anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm are grouped in one domain and weighted equally by 6 points, while aPL antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM anti-cardiolipin and anti-β2GPI antibodies) are grouped in a second domain accounting for only 2 points.”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Derivation cohort passage groups anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm in the SLE-specific antibody domain and antiphospholipid antibodies in a separate domain. The Criteria passage includes the listed anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies, but also includes lupus anticoagulant. The passages available from our copy do not state the claimed six-point and two-point weights. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria assigned the highest score (6 points) to anti-dsDNA antibodies in the fully weighted scoring of the disease.
“These 2019 criteria reinforced the importance of autoantibodies in SLE diagnosis, assigning the highest score (6 points) to anti-dsDNA antibodies in the fully weighted scoring of the disease.”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Derivation cohort section identifies anti-dsDNA as an SLE-specific antibody within the weighted criteria. But the Discussion says renal biopsy showing class III or IV lupus nephritis carries the most weight, and class II or V nephritis carries eight points. Thus, anti-dsDNA does not receive the highest score in the full classification system; the retrieved passages do not establish its six-point value. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTo enable alternative solid phase assays for detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies, the criteria defined the specificity to be ≥90%.
“To enable alternative solid phase assays for detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies, the criteria defined the specificity to be ≥ 90%.”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Criteria section defines anti-dsDNA positivity as detection by an immunoassay with demonstrated ≥90% specificity for SLE against relevant disease controls. The paper does not state that this threshold was chosen to enable alternative solid-phase anti-dsDNA assays; its mention of a solid-phase assay in Phase I concerns ANA screening instead. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the 2019 ACR/EULAR criteria, ANA at a titer of ≥1:80 on HEp-2 cells is positioned as an entry criterion (mandatory requirement).
“In the 2019 ACR/EULAR criteria, ANA at a titer of ≥1:80 on HEp-2 cells is positioned as an entry criterion (mandatory requirement).”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In 2019, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/ACR proposed new criteria that aimed to maintain the high specificity of the ACR criteria with a sensitivity close to the SLICC 2012 criteria.
“In 2019, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/ACR proposed new criteria that aimed to maintain the high specificity of the ACR criteria with a sensitivity close to the SLICC 2012 criteria.”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The criteria recognized the need for an immunoassay with high specificity against relevant disease controls.
“In order to consider the huge variability in the performance of different detection methods for anti-dsDNA, the criteria recognized the need for an immunoassay with high specificity against relevant disease controls.”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
More recently, sensitivity (75.6%) and specificity (93.7%) characteristics of anti-dsDNA antibodies were published for the disease cohort used for establishing the new ACR/EULAR criteria, and compared with the ACR 1982 (67% and 92%, respectively) and SLICC 2012 (57.1% and 95.9%, respectively) cohorts.
“More recently, however, sensitivity (75.6%) and specificity (93.7%) characteristics of anti-dsDNA antibodies were published for the disease cohort used for establishing the new ACR/EULAR criteria, and compared with the ACR 1982 (67% and 92%, respectively) and SLICC 2012 (57.1% and 95.9%, respectively) cohorts [7,20].”
From Anti-dsDNA antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for SLE include positive SLE-specific antibodies such as anti-dsDNA as the highest-weight criterion in the immunology domains.
“The 2019 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for classifying SLE include positive values for SLE-specific antibodies, such as anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, as the criterion with the highest weight in the immunology domains.”
From Longitudinal study of patients with discrepant results in CLIFT and a solid-phase dsDNA antibody assay: Does a gold standard dsDNA assay exist? (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Diagnosis of SLE was based on the physician's global assessment according to the 2016 and subsequently 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria.
“Diagnosis of SLE was based on the physician’s global assessment according to the 2016 and, subsequently, 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria.2”
From Longitudinal study of patients with discrepant results in CLIFT and a solid-phase dsDNA antibody assay: Does a gold standard dsDNA assay exist? (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Anti-dsDNA autoantibodies play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and follow-up of SLE and are related to the development of lupus nephritis.
“Antidouble-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibodies play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and follow-up of SLE1–3 and are related to the development of lupus nephritis.4 5”
From Longitudinal study of patients with discrepant results in CLIFT and a solid-phase dsDNA antibody assay: Does a gold standard dsDNA assay exist? (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Anti-dsDNA autoantibodies must be measured using an assay with at least 90% specificity against relevant disease controls.
“Moreover, anti-dsDNA autoantibodies must be measured using an assay with at least 90% specificity against relevant disease controls.2”
From Longitudinal study of patients with discrepant results in CLIFT and a solid-phase dsDNA antibody assay: Does a gold standard dsDNA assay exist? (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Aringer, M., Costenbader, K., Daikh, D., Brinks, R., Mosca, M., Ramsey-Goldman, R., Smolen, J. S., Wofsy, D., Boumpas, D. T., Kamen, D. L., Jayne, D., Cervera, R., Costedoat-Chalumeau, N., Diamond, B., Gladman, D. D., Hahn, B., Hiepe, F., Jacobsen, S., Khanna, D., Lerstrøm, K., Massarotti, E., McCune, J., Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Sanchez-Guerrero, J., Schneider, M., Urowitz, M., Bertsias, G., Hoyer, B. F., Leuchten, N., Tani, C., Tedeschi, S. K., Touma, Z., Schmajuk, G., Anic, B., Assan, F., Chan, T. M., Clarke, A. E., Crow, M. K., Czirják, L., Doria, A., Graninger, W., Halda-Kiss, B., Hasni, S., Izmirly, P. M., Jung, M., Kumánovics, G., Mariette, X., Padjen, I., Pego-Reigosa, J. M., Romero-Diaz, J., Rúa-Figueroa Fernández, Í., Seror, R., Stummvoll, G. H., Tanaka, Y., Tektonidou, M. G., Vasconcelos, C., Vital, E. M., Wallace, D. J., Yavuz, S., Meroni, P. L., Fritzler, M. J., Naden, R., Dörner, T., & Johnson, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- University of Pecs (HU)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- New York University (US)
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb (HR)
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan (JP)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Aringer, Martin
- ORCID
- Aringer, Martin
- Costenbader, Karen
- Brinks, Ralph
- Mosca, Marta
- Smolen, Josef S
- Wofsy, David
- Boumpas, Dimitrios T
- Kamen, Diane L
- Jayne, David
- Cervera, Ricard
- Costedoat-Chalumeau, Nathalie
- Diamond, Betty
- Gladman, Dafna D
- Hiepe, Falk
- Jacobsen, Søren
- Khanna, Dinesh
- Massarotti, Elena
- Ruiz-Irastorza, Guillermo
- Schneider, Matthias
- Urowitz, Murray
- Bertsias, George
- Hoyer, Bimba F
- Leuchten, Nicolai
- Tani, Chiara
- Tedeschi, Sara K
- Touma, Zahi
- Schmajuk, Gabriela
- Assan, Florence
- Chan, Tak Mao
- Clarke, Ann Elaine
- Crow, Mary K
- Doria, Andrea
- Graninger, Winfried
- Hasni, Sarfaraz
- Izmirly, Peter M
- Jung, Michelle
- Padjen, Ivan
- Tanaka, Yoshiya
- Tektonidou, Maria G
- Vasconcelos, Carlos
- Vital, Edward M
- Wallace, Daniel J
- Meroni, Pier Luigi
- Fritzler, Marvin J
- Dörner, Thomas
- Johnson, Sindhu R
- Venue
- Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1151-1159
- ISSN
- 0003-4967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2966041078
- Semantic Scholar
- 95005eb271a83ef85aa484e34ec03b89f2d66b0c
- Cited by
- 1,612
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 280 · 2025: 267 · 2024: 293 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 103.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Istanbul Science University (Istanbul Bilim University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American College of Rheumatology
- European League Against Rheumatism
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vasculitis and related conditions
- Keywords
- systemic lupus erythematosus, classification criteria, antinuclear antibodies, weighted criteria, multi-criteria decision making, antiphospholipid antibodies, complement proteins, sensitivity and specificity, SLICC 2012 criteria
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Rheumatic Diseases, Rheumatology, Societies, Medical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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