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Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport
Open accessAbstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a growing cause of concern, as these injuries can have serious consequences for the athlete with a greatly increased risk of early osteoarthrosis. Using specific training programmes, it may be possible to reduce the incidence of knee and ankle injuries. However, it is not known which programme components are the key to preventing knee and ankle injuries or how the exercises work to reduce injury risk. Our ability to design specific prevention programmes, whether through training or other preventive measures, is currently limited by an incomplete understanding of the causes of injuries. A multifactorial approach should be used to account for all the factors involved-that is, the internal and external risk factors as well as the inciting event (the injury mechanism). Although such models have been presented previously, we emphasise the need to use a comprehensive model, which accounts for the events leading to the injury situation (playing situation, player and opponent behaviour), as well as to include a description of whole body and joint biomechanics at the time of injury.
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“Although creatine supplementations do not appear to affect training-related plasma lactate levels, which have been correlated with muscle damage in the acute phase, little is known about the effect of an artificial increase in muscle mass on joint mechanics and core stability.44,45”
From Creatine supplementation in the pediatric and adolescent athlete-- A literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“little is known about the effect of an artificial increase in muscle mass on joint mechanics and core stability.44,45”
From Creatine supplementation in the pediatric and adolescent athlete-- A literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
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Items 201–300 of 978
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“The subjective examination served to obtain precise information about symptomatology and the inciting event (if any) [40], underpinning data-gathering during the objective examination to confirm the diagnosis and severity.”
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“Since the present study can only provide information on accidents and circumstances, future research should focus on the identification of risk factors for falls in mountain hikers as a next step in accident prevention.(24) Therefore, knowledge on the specific internal (eg, fatigue, fitness level, experience) and exte…”
BackgroundPerceptions of football players regarding injury risk factors and prevention strategies
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“…interaction of intrinsic risk factors including age, sex, skill level, risk-taking behavior, and extrinsic risk factors including the environment (type of slope, snow, and weather conditions) and the equipment (ski helmet use, type of ski, or board; Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005; Sulheim et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRevisión de las estrategias para la prevención de lesiones en el deporte desde la actividad física
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Pharmacological Treatment for Acute Traumatic Musculoskeletal Pain in Athletes
Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Marotta, N., Lippi, L., Scaturro, D., Farì, G., Liccardi, A., Moggio, L., Mauro, G. L., Ammendolia, A., & Invernizzi, M. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57111208 · Cited by 43
“musculoskeletal injuries represent the 10–19% of all acute injuries treated in the emergency department [13,14].”
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“242 After identifying a potential modifiable risk factor for non-contact lower extremity injuries 243 and discussing the potential underlying mechanisms, the next step in this line of research is to 244 develop targeted interventions that are likely to improve this specific risk factor and to 245 potentially decrease…”
BackgroundSummer training factors and risk of musculoskeletal injury among high school cross-country runners.
Rauh, M. (2014) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5378 · Cited by 40
Diekfuss, J. A., Grooms, D. R., Nissen, K. S., Schneider, D. K., Foss, K. D. B., Thomas, S. M., Bonnette, S., Dudley, J. A., Yuan, W., Reddington, D. L., et al. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.07.004 · Cited by 45
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“The most important considerations in OSD are prevention [14] and early diagnosis [9, 10], but in order to prevent a disorder, it is necessary to identify its risk factors [1].”
BackgroundSundberg, A., Högberg, J., Tosarelli, F., Buckthorpe, M. W., Villa, F. D., Hägglund, M., Samuelsson, K., & Senorski, E. H. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02271-w · Cited by 31
“As outlined by Bahr and Krosshaug [11], the definition of an ACL injury mechanism in sport is multifactorial and can encompass sport-specific actions, whole-body movements at the time of injury, and biomechanical analyses of the knee joint.”
Training Management of the Elite Adolescent Soccer Player throughout Maturation
McBurnie, A. J., Dos’Santos, T., Johnson, D. M., & Leng, E. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9120170 · Cited by 44
Mitigating Sports Injury Risks Using Internet of Things and Analytics Approaches
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“An individual athlete’s capacity to tolerate the external loads imposed by impacts, or to avoid collisions, largely depends on his or her ability to rapidly initiate muscle activation patterns that depend on brain processing of sensory input (Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005).”
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Liang, W., & Chikritzhs, T. N. (2016) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2016/5071438 · Cited by 39
“There is good evidence suggesting that the progression of osteoporosis [6, 25], changes in musculoskeletal fitness [2, 26], probability of involvement in injury-related behaviours [26, 27], and having certain health conditions [8, 28] are dependent on age; however, it is unclear what other factors may underpin the str…”
BackgroundJump Squat is More Related to Sprinting and Jumping Abilities than Olympic Push Press
Loturco, I., Kobal, R., Maldonado, T., Piazzi, A., Bottino, A., Kitamura, K., Abad, C., Pereira, L., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1565201 · Cited by 39
Análisis de los factores de riesgo neuromusculares de las lesiones deportivas
Vanmeerhaeghe, A. F., & Rodríguez, D. R. (2013) · doi:10.1016/j.apunts.2013.05.003 · Cited by 39
Villa, F. D., Buckthorpe, M., Tosarelli, F., Zago, M., Zaffagnini, S., & Grassi, A. (2022) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001419 · Cited by 38
Sports injuries profile of a first division Brazilian soccer team: a descriptive cohort study
Reis, G. F., Santos, T. R. T., Lasmar, R., Oliveira, O., Lopes, R. F. F., & Fonseca, S. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0120 · Cited by 38
Accident prevention on ski slopes - Perceptions of safety and knowledge of existing rules.
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Tranaeus, U., Martin, S., & Ivarsson, A. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01597-5 · Cited by 37
“In a comprehensive model for injury causation, internal and external risk factors have been discussed [9].”
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Perfectionism predicts injury in junior athletes: Preliminary evidence from a prospective study
Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., Forsdyke, D., Dayson, M., & Passfield, L. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1322709 · Cited by 54
Skazalski, C., Kruczyński, J., Bahr, M. A., Bere, T., Whiteley, R., & Bahr, R. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097155 · Cited by 37
Self-citationEffects of Neck Strength Training on Isometric Neck Strength in Rugby Union Players
Geary, K., Green, B. S., & Delahunt, E. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000071 · Cited by 37
“Theoretical models of injury prevention indicate that a number of physical, anthropometrical, and physiological capacities are implicated as intrinsic risk factors for injuries.(14,15) It is well established that decreased muscle strength is an intrinsic risk factor for and predictor of hamstring injuries and adductor…”
BackgroundEffects of footwear on comfort and injury in professional rugby league
Kinchington, M., Ball, K. A., & Naughton, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.593041 · Cited by 34
“Lower-limb injuries are associated with a large number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect musculoskeletal load and tolerance (Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005 ).”
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Mausehund, L., & Krosshaug, T. (2024) · American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241234255 · Cited by 36
Self-citationPollock, A., White, A., & Kirkwood, G. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096996 · Cited by 36
Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review
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Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, Gymnastics
Hecht, S. S. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000171 · Cited by 24
Geary, K., Green, B. S., & Delahunt, E. (2013) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.05.026 · Cited by 35
The Role of Psychosocial Risk Factors for Injury in Elite Youth Ice Hockey
Mckay, C., Campbell, T., Meeuwisse, W., & Emery, C. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e31826a86c9 · Cited by 35
“Recently, there has been greater focus on psychosocial and behavioral factors when examining injury risk.(12) Athletic identity, defined as the degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role,(13) is one construct warranting attention.”
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Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics when landing from unloaded and loaded jumps.
Janssen, I., Sheppard, J., Dingley, A., Chapman, D., & Spratford, W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.28.6.687 · Cited by 35
“loaded, unloaded, landing, jumps, when, lower, kinetics, kinematics, extremity”
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“Par ailleurs, la pratique des activités physiques et sportives étant actuellement encouragée par de nombreuses instances comme facteur de prévention de santé publique et facteur de prévention de multiples pathologies : cardiovasculaires, respiratoires, chroniques ou néoplasiques [4—9], l’athlétisme apparaît adapté et…”
BackgroundInfluentialLysdal, F. G., Wang, Y.-H., Delahunt, E., Gehring, D., Kosik, K., Krosshaug, T., Li, Y., Mok, K.-M., Pasanen, K., Remus, A., et al. (2022) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2022.2035801 · Cited by 34
“This is achieved through a Model-Based Image-Matching (MBIM) forensic motion analysis technique that allows for 3-dimensional kinematic analyses of human motion from uncalibrated video sequences (Krosshaug & Bahr, 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationEffects of Psychological Interventions on the Prevention of Sports Injuries: A Meta-analysis
Li, S., Wu, Q., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967120928325 · Cited by 33
“A pioneering study in sports injury prevention found that crisis interventions reduced the risk of sports injuries as well as increased self-confidence and self-control among alpine skiers at the 1988 Olympics.5,24 A small study of elite gymnasts found that stress management interventions significantly reduced injurie…”
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“The injury model of Bahr and Krosshaug states that intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and the interaction between them make players susceptible to an injury caused by events such as jumping, tackling and * Correspondence: goedhart@ub4m.nl 1SportsInjuryLab, Box 3141, 3760 DC Soest, The Netherlands Full list of author…”
BackgroundInfluentialKipp, K., Brown, T. N., Mclean, S., & Palmieri-Smith, R. (2013) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.29.6.756 · Cited by 34
An ankle joint model-based image-matching motion analysis technique.
Mok, K.-M., Fong, D., Krosshaug, T., Hung, A., Yung, P., & Chan, K. (2011) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.03.014 · Cited by 34
“A precise description of the injury situation is a key component to understanding the aetiology and injury mechanism (Bahr and Krosshaug, 2005).”
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Self-citationValidation of a High Sampling Rate Inertial Measurement Unit for Acceleration During Running
Provot, T., Chiementin, X., Oudin, E., Bolaers, F., & Murer, S. (2017) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17091958 · Cited by 33
“Their causes are often manifold due to internal and external risk factors [7], yet a number of works have found that repeated impacts severely increase the risk of an overuse injury [8–11].”
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“There is a significantly greater risk of suffering 191 osteoarthritis in the damaged limb, occurring at ten times a greater rate in ACL-injured 192 athletes, as well as higher risk of injury to the uninjured knee (Bahr and Krosshaug, 2005, 193 Hewett et al., 2007, Johansson et al., 2000).”
BackgroundChondrocyte damage and contact pressures following impact on the rabbit tibiofemoral joint.
Isaac, D. I., Meyer, E., & Haut, R. (2008) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.2948403 · Cited by 33
Tierney, G. J., Joodaki, H., Krosshaug, T., Forman, J., Crandall, J., & Simms, C. (2018) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2016.1271905 · Cited by 32
“…of six degree of freedom head movement patterns during sporting impacts can be challenging, a greater understanding of the mechanisms of concussion and the kinematics of concussive and non-concussive head impacts would be beneficial to guide prevention strategies (Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKnee Injuries in Downhill Skiers
Shea, K., Archibald-Seiffer, N., Murdock, E., Grimm, N., Jacobs, J., Willick, S., & Houten, H. V. (2014) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967113519741 · Cited by 32
“A better understanding of the distribution of knee injuries in recreational skiers may provide information that could be used to improve binding release mechanisms and release settings that may reduce the risk of knee injury.(1,33) For example, the high frequency of knee injuries that occur when the center of gravity…”
BackgroundInjury situations in Freestyle Ski Cross (SX): a video analysis of 33 cases
Randjelovic, S., Heir, S., Nordsletten, L., Bere, T., & Bahr, R. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091999 · Cited by 32
Self-citationKinematics and dynamics of pedestrian head ground contact: A cadaver study
Shang, S., Masson, C., Teeling, D., Py, M., Ferrand, Q., Arnoux, P., & Simms, C. (2020) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104684 · Cited by 31
“Rotational kinematics for the head during both vehicle and ground contacts were estimated using Model Based Image Matching (MBIM), introduced by (Bahr and Krosshaug, 2005) and recently applied to head impacts (Tierney et al., 2015; Tierney et al., 2018).”
A multistate framework for the analysis of subsequent injury in sport (M‐FASIS)
Shrier, I., Steele, R., Zhao, M., Naimi, A., Verhagen, E., Stovitz, S. D., Rauh, M., & Hewett, T. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12493 · Cited by 31
“Although M-FASIS can be perceived as an elaboration of the “adaptation” following injury that has been described by others (Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005; Meeuwisse et al., 2007; Clarsen et al., 2013), the following sections describe how M-FASIS resolves some of the limitations of the more traditional…”
BackgroundCauses of dropouts in decathlon. A pilot study.
Édouard, P., Pruvost, J., Edouard, J.-L., & Morin, J. (2010) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.07.004 · Cited by 31
Orchard, J., & Seward, H. (2009) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.063123 · Cited by 31
“in that the AFL injury survey and injury rates are discussed on a regular basis in the Australian media, which increased the perceived need for a timely rule change once the trend for increased PCL injuries in centre bounce ruck contests became apparent. The use of rule changes to reduce mechanisms of susceptibility t…”
BackgroundAthletic Injury Research: Frameworks, Models and the Need for Causal Knowledge
Kalkhoven, J. T. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02008-1 · Cited by 30
“…process, it is unsurprising that a series of conceptual frameworks and models for athletic injury have been presented within the literature [36, 42, 43, 59–61], with some notable examples including the comprehensive model for injury causation presented by Bahr and Krosshaug [36], the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIncidence of injuries in professional snow sports: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fu, X.-L., Du, L., Song, Y.-P., Chen, H.-L., & Shen, W.-Q. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.10.006 · Cited by 30
Tranæus, U., Ivarsson, A., & Johnson, U. (2015) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2015.04.009 · Cited by 31
Understanding the Acute Skin Injury Mechanism Caused by Player-Surface Contact During Soccer
van den Eijnde, W. V. D., Peppelman, M., Lamers, E., van de Kerkhof, P. C. M., & van Erp, P. V. (2014) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967114533482 · Cited by 30
“Methods: The prevention model by van Mechelen et al (1992) combined with the injury causation model of Bahr and Krosshaug (2005) were used as a framework for the survey to describe the skin injury incidence and mechanism caused by player-surface contact.”
BackgroundMethodThe seasonal variation of Achilles tendon ruptures in Vancouver, Canada: a retrospective study
Scott, A., Grewal, N., & Guy, P. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004320 · Cited by 30
“A common feature of successful injury preventative programmes is that they address relevant risk factors.(8) Previously identified factors which are associated with Achilles tendon rupture include a previous rupture (ipsilateral or contralateral),(9) a family history of tendon rupture,(10) genetic variants in genes re…”
BackgroundBiomechanical risk factors and mechanisms of knee injury in golfers
Marshall, R., & McNair, P. (2013) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2013.767371 · Cited by 30
“Bahr and Krosshaug (2005) list sports equipment as an external injury risk factor. In respect to equipment, there is anecdotal evidence that those individuals with knee pain should consider changing the club that they use for longer distance shots. Guten (1996) noted that when players used shorter irons rather than wo…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRuedl, G., Ploner, P., Linortner, I., Schranz, A., Fink, C., Patterson, C., Nachbauer, W., & Burtscher, M. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1275355 · Cited by 30
Selected Issues in Injury and Illness Prevention and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement.
Kibler, W. B., & Hosea, T. (2016) · Current sports medicine reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000231 · Cited by 30
Schoeb, T., Peterhans, L., Fröhlich, S., Frey, W., Gerber, C., & Spörri, J. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13740 · Cited by 29
Statement on methods in sport injury research from the 1st METHODS MATTER Meeting, Copenhagen, 2019
Nielsen, R., Shrier, I., Casals, M., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Møller, M., Bolling, C., Bittencourt, N., Clarsen, B., Wedderkopp, N., Soligard, T., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101323 · Cited by 29
“28 30–33 For example, a dynamic model of aetiology in sport injury was presented in 2007, in which the authors argued that “exposure is a combination of both possessing a risk factor and then participating (to a greater or lesser degree) with the risk factor”.”
Self-citationSystematic review of stress-related injury vulnerability in athletic and occupational contexts
Singh, H., & Conroy, D. E. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.001 · Cited by 34
Chronic changes in the rabbit tibial plateau following blunt trauma to the tibiofemoral joint.
Isaac, D. I., Meyer, E., Kopke, K. S., & Haut, R. (2010) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.03.001 · Cited by 29
“The knee is also a common site of injury that requires an emergency room visit (Bahr and Krosshaug, 2005). While a number of mechanisms have been proposed for knee injury, landing from jumps has been suggested as one possible source (Fauno and Wulff Jakobsen, 2004; Speer et al., 1992; Hewitt et al., 1996). Li et al. (…”
BackgroundBuckthorpe, M., Capitani, L. P., Olivares-Jabalera, J., Olmo, J., & Villa, F. D. (2024) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002149 · Cited by 28
Intramuscular Tendon Injuries of the Hamstring Muscles: A More Severe Variant? A Narrative Review
Kerin, F., O’Flanagan, S., Coyle, J., Farrell, G., Curley, D., Persson, U. M., Devito, G., & Delahunt, E. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00621-4 · Cited by 28
“The comprehensive injury-causation model developed by Bahr and Krosshaug [38] outlines the interaction of internal and external risk factors in the occurrence of sport-related injuries; it is based on the epidemiologic model of injury developed by Meeuwisse [39] and the biomechanical model of…”
BackgroundMethodAzuma, N., & Someya, F. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13777 · Cited by 28
Data-informed Intervention Improves Football Technique and Reduces Head Impacts
Champagne, A. A., Distefano, V., Boulanger, M., Magee, B., Coverdale, N., Gallucci, D., Guskiewicz, K., & Cook, D. J. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002046 · Cited by 28
“Understanding the mechanism of injury is key for the development of effective injury prevention initiatives in sport (27).”
BackgroundPrevalence and Factors Associated With Injuries in Elite Spanish Volleyball.
Cuñado-González, Á., Martín-Pintado-Zugasti, A., & Rodríguez-Fernández, Á. (2019) · Journal of sport rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2018-0044 · Cited by 28
Vanpoulle, M., Vignac, É., & Soulé, B. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2016.11.020 · Cited by 28
da Silva, A. A., Bittencourt, N., Mendonça, L. D. M., Tirado, M. G. A., Sampaio, R., & Fonseca, S. T. (2011) · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552011000300008 · Cited by 28
Young Womenʼs Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Elliot, D. L., Goldberg, L., & Kuehl, K. S. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11531340-000000000-00000 · Cited by 40
What is the Mechanism of No Injury (MONI)?
Meeuwisse, W. (2009) · Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181979c1d · Cited by 28
“It is clearly important to consider athlete, environmental, situational, and biomechanical factors at the time of any injury; the MOI should be seen as being of special significance, it is argued, in the context of these other risk factors.(5,6) Typical biomechanical assessment of injury involves an estimation or meas…”
BackgroundHoenig, T., Gronwald, T., Hollander, K., Klein, C., Frosch, K., Ueblacker, P., & Rolvien, T. (2023) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-023-07384-1 · Cited by 27
“A profound insight into injury aetiology may support translation towards future development of prevention programmes [3, 6].”
BackgroundStojanović, E., Scanlan, A., Radovanović, D., Jakovljevic, V., & Faude, O. (2022) · Physician and sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2133978 · Cited by 27
“Multicomponent exercises may also optimize intrinsic risk factors via reductions in muscle, ligament, and contact forces, thus enabling the ankle to maintain stability or correct deviations when landing on an opponent’s foot during contact scenarios [34].”
BackgroundBlaiser, C. D., Roosen, P., Willems, T., Bleecker, C. D., Vermeulen, S., Danneels, L., & de Ridder, R. (2020) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.11.035 · Cited by 27
Employing Standardised Methods to Compare Injury Risk Across Seven Youth Team Sports
Barden, C., Quarrie, K., Mckay, C., & Stokes, K. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1327-3009 · Cited by 27
“These surveillance programs are influenced by operationalized sport-specific consensus statements [3–6], encouraging consistent methods to ensure accurate and reliable data collection [7].”
BackgroundGreat Challenges Toward Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
Édouard, P., & Ford, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00080 · Cited by 27
“…instance, concept of sports injury (Timpka et al., 2014b), etiology of sports injury (Meeuwisse, 1994), understanding injury mechanisms (Bahr and Krosshaug, 2005), a biomechanicsfocused model (Hewett and Bates, 2017), complex systems approach (Bittencourt et al., 2016; Pol et al., 2019), risk…”
BackgroundSoulé, B., Lefèvre, B., & Boutroy, E. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1324525 · Cited by 27
“…effective prevention depends on thorough understanding of accidentology (the study of accidents, of their causes and consequences), which requires a detailed knowledge of sports and leisure accident rates, victim profiles, severity, recurrent scenarios and primary causes (Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005).”
BackgroundAssessment of isokinetic muscle function in Korea male volleyball athletes
Kim, C.-G., & Jeoung, B. (2016) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1632710.355 · Cited by 27
“Bahr and Krosshaug (2005) indicated that muscle imbalance causes damages to the joints by pulling down on the joints in an asymmetric manner (Meister and Andrews, 1993).”
BackgroundA psychological injury prevention group intervention in Swedish floorball
Tranaeus, U., Johnson, U., Engström, B., Skillgate, E., & Werner, S. (2015) · Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-014-3133-z · Cited by 27
Gehring, D., Wissler, S., Lohrer, H., Nauck, T., & Gollhofer, A. (2014) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.11.016 · Cited by 27
Incidence and pattern of injuries among adolescent basketball players in Nigeria
Owoeye, O., Akodu, A., Oladokun, B. M., & Akinbo, S. (2012) · Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology · doi:10.1186/1758-2555-4-15 · Cited by 27
Ali, N., & Rouhi, G. (2010) · Open Biomedical Engineering Journal · doi:10.2174/1874120701004010178 · Cited by 27
“Only by achieving a better understanding of ACL loading mechanisms and the associated contributing factors, one will be able to develop robust prevention strategies and exercise regimens to mitigate non-contact ACL injuries.”
BackgroundCombining Epidemiology and Biomechanics in Sports Injury Prevention Research
Finch, C., Ullah, S., & McIntosh, A. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11537260-000000000-00000 · Cited by 27
“1) The global injury mechanism([20]) or event be considered.”
BackgroundAppraising the Methodological Quality of Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies: The QA-SIVAS Scale
Hoenig, T., Rahlf, A. L., Wilke, J., Krauß, I., Dalos, D., Willwacher, S., Mai, P., Hollander, K., Fohrmann, D., Krosshaug, T., et al. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01907-z · Cited by 26
Self-citationFong, D., Mok, K.-M., Thompson, I. M., Wang, Y.-H., Shan, W., & King, M. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.007 · Cited by 26
Adolescent physical activity-related injuries in school physical education and leisure-time sports
Sollerhed, A.-C., Horn, A., Culpan, I., & Lynch, J. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520954716 · Cited by 27
Akbari, H., Sahebozamani, M., Daneshjoo, A., Amiri-Khorasani, M., & Shimokochi, Y. (2020) · Journal of sport rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2018-0374 · Cited by 26
Subjective Wellness, Acute: Chronic Workloads, and Injury Risk in College Football.
Sampson, J., Murray, A., Williams, S., Sullivan, A., & Fullagar, H. (2019) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003000 · Cited by 26
“Consistent with this theory, an athlete reporting “better” wellness and soreness may alternatively be predisposed to more frequent high intensity activities that are considering injury initiating events such as sprinting, accelerating, and cutting (2,23).”
BackgroundCampbell, R. S., Lehr, M. E., Livingston, A., McCurdy, M., & Ware, J. K. (2019) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.04.022 · Cited by 27
Physical Exam Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Injury in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review
Oñate, J., Everhart, J., Clifton, D., Best, T., Borchers, J., & Chaudhari, A. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000284 · Cited by 26
Can the natural turf pitch be viewed as a risk factor for injury within Association Football?
Rennie, D., Vanrenterghem, J., Littlewood, M. A., & Drust, B. (2016) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.07.009 · Cited by 26
Stambulova, N., Stambulov, A., & Johnson, U. (2012) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.009 · Cited by 26
Ebner, C., Granacher, U., & Gehring, D. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02182-w · Cited by 25
“Understanding biomechanical risk factors and injury mechanisms is crucial for the development and implementation of effective injury prevention strategies such as neuromuscular training [3, 4].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T.
- Affiliations
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Bahr, R
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-05-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 324-329
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC1725226
- OpenAlex
- W2077950187
- Cited by
- 1,255
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- injury mechanisms, sports injury prevention, anterior cruciate ligament injury, knee injury, ankle injuries, injury risk factors, injury prevention programs, joint biomechanics, osteoarthritis risk
- MeSH terms
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Athletic Injuries, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Humans, Knee Injuries, Male, Physical Education and Training, Risk Factors, Sports, Ankle Injuries
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