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Cited by 202Sleep and related disordersSleep and Work-Related FatigueObstructive Sleep Apnea Research

The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: A new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes

Samuels, Charles, James, Lois, Lawson, Doug, Meeuwisse, Willem·2016·British Journal of Sports Medicine
DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094332
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Abstract

BACKGROUND/AIM: The purpose of this study was to develop a subjective, self-report, sleep-screening questionnaire for elite athletes. This paper describes the development of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). METHODS: A convenience sample of 60 elite athletes was randomly distributed into two groups; 30 athletes completed a survey composed of current psychometric tools, and 30 athletes completed a revised survey and a sleep specialist structured clinical interview. An item analysis was performed on the revised survey with comparison to clinical decisions regarding appropriate intervention based on a sleep specialist assessment. RESULTS: A comparison of existing sleep-screening tools with determination of clinical need from a sleep specialist showed low consistency, indicating that current sleep-screening tools are unsuitable for assessing athlete sleep. A new 15-item tool was developed (ASSQ) by selecting items from existing tools that more closely associated with the sleep specialist's reviews. Based on test-retest percentage agreement and the κ-statistic, we found good internal consistency and reliability of the ASSQ. To date, 349 athletes have been screened, and 46 (13.2%) identified as requiring follow-up consultation with a sleep specialist. Results from the follow-up consultations demonstrated that those athletes identified by the ASSQ as abnormal sleepers have required intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The research developed a new athlete-specific sleep-screening questionnaire. Our findings suggest that existing sleep-screening tools are unsuitable for assessing sleep in elite athletes. The ASSQ appears to be more accurate in assessing athlete sleep (based on comparison with expert clinical assessment). The ASSQ can be deployed online and provides clinical cut-off scores associated with specific clinical interventions to guide management of athletes' sleep disturbance. The next phase of the research is to conduct a series of studies comparing results from the ASSQ to blinded clinical reviews and to data from objective sleep monitoring to further establish the validity of the ASSQ as a reliable sleep screening tool for elite athletes.

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Crossref · 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094332

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality.

    “For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition.”

    From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • The relationship between sleep, performance and recovery can be viewed in terms of three key factors: sleep length, sleep quality and sleep phase.

    “The relationship between sleep, performance and recovery can be viewed in terms of 3 key factors that affect the recuperative outcome: Sleep length (total sleep duration; hours/night, plus naps)Sleep quality (i.e., the experience and perceived adequacy of sleep)Sleep phase (circadian timing of sleep) [28].”

    From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • Cognition, tissue repair and metabolism are critical psychological and physiological factors that contribute to training capacity, recovery and ultimately performance.

    “Cognition, tissue repair and metabolism are critical psychological and physiological factors that contribute to training capacity, recovery and ultimately performance [28].”

    From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • The classic view of sleep is that it is a recovery process, with the circadian system regulating feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day.

    “The classic view of sleep is that it is a recovery process, with the circadian system regulating feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day [28].”

    From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • For sleep to have a restorative effect, it must be of adequate duration, which is dependent on age.

    “For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration which is dependent on age [28,42].”

    From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

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Authors
Samuels, C., James, L., Lawson, D., & Meeuwisse, W.
Affiliations
  • Centre for Sleep & Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Washington State University Spokane (US)
  • D'Youville University (US)
  • University of Calgary (CA)
Corresponding author
Samuels, Charles
ORCID
Venue
British Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2015-05-22
Volume
50
Issue
7
Pages
418-422
ISSN
  • 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
  • 1473-0480
DOI
10.1136/bjsports-2014-094332
OpenAlex
W2109679918
Cited by
202
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3
FWCI
8.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders
University of Calgary
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Keywords
sleep screening, elite athletes, athlete sleep, sleep disorders, questionnaire development, test-retest reliability, sleep interventions
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Athletes, Self Report

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