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Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: To present an overview of the existing epidemiological evidence regarding the occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders among current and former elite athletes. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Five electronic databases were searched from inception to November 2018: PubMed (MEDLINE), SportDiscus via EBSCO, PSycINFO via ProQuest, Scopus and Cochrane. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: We included original quantitative studies that were written in English, were conducted exclusively among current or former elite athletes, and presented incidence or prevalence rates of symptoms of mental disorders. Results: Twenty-two relevant original studies about mental health symptoms and disorders among current elite athletes were included: they presented data especially on symptoms of distress, sleep disturbance, anxiety/depression and alcohol misuse. Meta-analyses comprising 2895 to 5555 current elite athletes showed that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders ranged from 19% for alcohol misuse to 34% for anxiety/depression. Fifteen relevant original studies about mental health symptoms and disorders among former elite athletes were included: they similarly presented data especially about symptoms of distress, sleep disturbance, anxiety/depression and alcohol misuse. Meta-analyses comprising 1579 to 1686 former elite athletes showed that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders ranged from 16% for distress to 26% for anxiety/depression. Conclusions: Our meta-analyses showed that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders ranged from 19% for alcohol misuse to 34% for anxiety/depression for current elite athletes, and from 16% for distress to 26% for anxiety/depression for former elite athletes.
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“To date, research has primarily examined the mental health outcomes of elite athletes [15–18], with comparatively less research focusing on understanding these psychological experiences among coaches [19].”
From The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundMethodHoy, D., Brooks, P., Woolf, A., Blyth, F., March, L., Bain, C., Baker, P., Smith, E., & Buchbinder, R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014 · Cited by 2,555
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The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review
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“Single studies show that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders among both current and former elite athletes seems substantial and similar to the prevalence in the general population.(5) A professional or elite sport career is characterised by more than 640 distinct stressors that could induce mental h…”
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Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724
“The sports community has prioritised the mental health of elite-level athletes as evidenced by a sharp rise in consensus statements 60–62 and prevalence studies 63–65 on this theme.”
BackgroundSleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations
Walsh, N. P., Halson, S. L., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., Nédélec, M., Gupta, L., Leeder, J., Fullagar, H. H. K., Coutts, A. J., Edwards, B., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025 · Cited by 711
Ardern, C. L., Büttner, F., Andrade, R., Weir, A., Ashe, M. C., Holden, S., Impellizzeri, F. M., Delahunt, E., Dijkstra, H. P., Mathieson, S., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-103987 · Cited by 458
Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S. M. (2019) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-019-0220-1 · Cited by 394
Self-citationGouttebarge, V., Bindra, A., Blauwet, C. A., Campriani, N., Currie, A., Engebretsen, L., Hainline, B. W., Kroshus, E., Mcduff, D. R., Mountjoy, M. L., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102411 · Cited by 393
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gouttebarge, V., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Gorczynski, P., Hainline, B., Hitchcock, M. E., Kerkhoffs, G. M., Rice, S. M., & Reardon, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gouttebarge, Vincent
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-05-16
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 700-706
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC6579497
- OpenAlex
- W2944177380
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 10.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- International Olympic Committee
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- mental health, elite athletes, former athletes, anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, sleep disorders, psychological distress, prevalence, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Depression, Humans, Sleep Wake Disorders, Incidence, Prevalence, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Athletes
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