Low cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial fitness as risk factors in viral infections: implications for COVID-19
Abstract
Abstract The study was conducted on 50 samples of coffee beans from various origins. The samples included green coffee beans, roasted beans, brew coffee drinks and coffee sludge. Three processes were used to prepare these samples: dried, semi-washed, and washed. Three synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and nine heavy metals were subsequently analyzed using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) and acid digestion methods, respectively. The quantification of pyrethroids was performed by GC-μECD whereas those of metals were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. According to the results, concentrations of both pyrethroids and heavy metals were predominantly found in green coffee beans except for Cr. Pyrethroid insecticides were not detectable in brew coffee drink and heavy metal concentrations were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) level. Risk estimations for daily coffee intake using the health risk indices (HRIs) and target hazard quotients (THQs) of normal and the 97.5 percentile Thai consumers were less than 1. This indicated that the coffee drinks from studied samples could not cause potential health risk.
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Immune function improves with regular physical activity.
“It is well known that immune function improves with regular PA, and those who are regularly active have a lower incidence, intensity of symptoms and mortality from various viral infections. 7-9”
From Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Regularly active individuals have a lower incidence, symptom intensity, and mortality from various viral infections.
“It is well known that immune function improves with regular PA, and those who are regularly active have a lower incidence, intensity of symptoms and mortality from various viral infections. 7-9”
From Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Sallis, R., Young, D. R., Tartof, S. Y., Sallis, J. F., Sall, J., Li, Q., Smith, G. N., & Cohen, D. A. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
- Authors
- Burtscher, J., Millet, G. P., & Burtscher, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Millet, Grégoire P
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-11-24
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 413-415
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- OpenAlex
- W3109827990
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, mitochondrial fitness, COVID-19 pandemic, viral infection, health risk factors, coffee beans, pyrethroid insecticides, heavy metals, health risk assessment
- MeSH terms
- Cardiorespiratory Fitness, COVID-19, Humans, Mitochondria, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Exercise, Protective Factors
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