Diurnal Variation in Glucose Tolerance: Associated Changes in Plasma Insulin, Growth Hormone, and Non-esterified
Open accessAbstract
Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in the morning and afternoon of separate days on 31 people derived from a normal population sample. Blood sugar levels were higher in the afternoon test from and including 60 minutes after the glucose load. The degree of diurnal variation was similar in men and women, but greater in the older half of the group. It was negatively correlated with the degree of obesity. The plasma insulin response was less at the 30 minute time point in the afternoon, but significantly exceeded the morning values at 120 and 150 minutes after the glucose load. Growth hormone levels were similar in morning and afternoon tests. Fasting non-esterified fatty acid levels were significantly higher before the afternoon test. The relatively impaired glucose tolerance in the afternoon is associated with a delayed insulin response to the glucose load. This seems unlikely to be the sole explanation, however, and increased non-esterified fatty acid metabolism with a consequent decrease in glucose disposal may also contribute.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Glucose tolerance has a diurnal pattern.
“That glucose tolerance has a diurnal pattern has been known for many years.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Blood glucose levels are higher in the afternoon, indicating that glucose tolerance is impaired during the evening hours because of the body's circadian rhythm.
“Blood glucose levels were higher in the afternoon indicating that glucose tolerance is impaired during the evening hours because of the body's circadian rhythm.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
In 1974, the authors reported diurnal variation in oral glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acid levels.
“In 1974, we reported on diurnal variation in oral glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acid levels 74.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
If oral glucose tolerance testing or fasting glucose is not performed in the morning, a false diagnosis of diabetes may occur.
“and that diabetes testing with the oral glucose tolerance test, and indeed the fasting glucose, should always be performed in the morning otherwise a false diagnosis of diabetes may be the outcome 74.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N., & Newsholme, E. A. (1963) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91500-9 · Cited by 5,093 · see citing works
Indices of relative weight and obesity
Keys, A. B., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M. J., Kimura, N., & TAYLOR, H. L. (1972) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(72)90027-6 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
(1976) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1976.tb03307.x · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
AUTOMATION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(1967) · Chemical & Engineering News · doi:10.1021/cen-v045n038.p028 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Diurnal Variation in Glucose Tolerance and in Insulin Secretion in Man
Carroll, K. F., & Nestel, P. J. (1973) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.22.5.333 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Jarrett, R. J., Baker, I. A., KEEN, H., & Oakley, N. W. (1972) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5794.199 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationSeyffert, W. A., & Madison, L. L. (1967) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.16.11.765 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
DIURNAL VARIATION IN INSULIN SENSITIVITY
Gibson, T. C., & Jarrett, R. J. (1972) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92472-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationDiurnal Variation in Glucose Tolerance
Bowen, A. J. (1967) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1967.00290210093007 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Diurnal Variation in Response to Intravenous Glucose
Whichelow, M. J., Sturge, R. A., KEEN, H., et al. (1974) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5906.488 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Roberts, H. J. (1964) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1964.tb05730.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Further Observations on the Diurnal Variation in Oral Glucose Tolerance
Jarrett, R. J., & KEEN, H. (1970) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5731.334 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolism of Exercising and Resting Human Skeletal Muscle, in the Post-Prandial and Fasting States
Baker, P. G. B., & Mottram, R. F. (1973) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0440479 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oakley, N. W., Monier, D., & Wynn, V. (1973) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf01219788 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Whichelow, M. J., & Butterfield, W. J. H. (1971) · QJM · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067269 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Keys, A., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M. J., Kimura, N., and Taylor, H. L. (1972). Journal of Chronic Diseases, 25, 329.
- Whichelow, M. J., and Butterfield, W. J. H. (1971). Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 40, 261.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hutchison, A. T., Regmi, P., Manoogian, E. N. C., Fleischer, J. G., Wittert, G. A., Panda, S., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22449 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more!
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Stern, N., Bilu, C., El‐Osta, A., Einat, H., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2019) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12924 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationA chronometric approach to the study of feeding behavior
Armstrong, S. (1980) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(80)90024-x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Effects of morning cortisol elevation on insulin secretion and glucose regulation in humans
Plat, L., Byrne, M. M., Sturis, J., Polonsky, K. S., Mockel, J., Fery, F., & Van Cauter, E. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.1.e36 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Lindgren, O., Mari, A., Deacon, C. F., Carr, R. D., Winzell, M. S., Vikman, J., & Ahrén, B. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0366 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Keim, N. L., Van Loan, M. D., Horn, W. F., Barbieri, T. F., & Mayclin, P. L. (1997) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.1.75 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Morgan, L. M., Aspostolakou, F., Wright, J., & Gama, R. (1999) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/000456329903600407 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
SERVICE, F. J., RIZZA, R. A., HALL, L. D., WESTLAND, R. E., O’BRIEN, P. C., CLEMENS, A. H., HAYMOND, M. W., & GERICH, J. E. (1983) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-57-5-931 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zimmet, P. Z., Wall, J. R., Rome, R., Stimmler, L., & Jarrett, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- ORCID
- Zimmet, P. Z.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1974-03-16
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 5906
- Pages
- 485-488
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W2030653146
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diurnal variation, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, growth hormone, free fatty acids, oral glucose tolerance test, obesity, age differences, sex differences, glucose disposal, insulin response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Fasting, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sex Factors, Growth Hormone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
