The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether semen quality has changed during the past 50 years. DESIGN--Review of publications on semen quality in men without a history of infertility selected by means of Cumulated Index Medicus and Current List (1930-1965) and MEDLINE Silver Platter database (1966-August 1991). SUBJECTS--14,947 men included in a total of 61 papers published between 1938 and 1991. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mean sperm density and mean seminal volume. RESULTS--Linear regression of data weighted by number of men in each study showed a significant decrease in mean sperm count from 113 x 10(6)/ml in 1940 to 66 x 10(6)/ml in 1990 (p < 0.0001) and in seminal volume from 3.40 ml to 2.75 ml (p = 0.027), indicating an even more pronounced decrease in sperm production than expressed by the decline in sperm density. CONCLUSIONS--There has been a genuine decline in semen quality over the past 50 years. As male fertility is to some extent correlated with sperm count the results may reflect an overall reduction in male fertility. The biological significance of these changes is emphasised by a concomitant increase in the incidence of genitourinary abnormalities such as testicular cancer and possibly also cryptorchidism and hypospadias, suggesting a growing impact of factors with serious effects on male gonadal function.
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Cites
Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and semen-cervical mucus interaction.
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Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer.
Henderson, B. E., Ross, R. K., Pike, M. C., & Casagrande, J. T. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 604
Risk factors for cancer of the testis in young men
Henderson, B. E., Benton, B., Jing, J., Yu, M. C., & Pike, M. C. (1979) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910230503 · Cited by 371
Reproductive Functions in Young Fathers and Grandfathers
NIESCHLAG, E., LAMMERS, U., FREISCHEM, C. W., LANGER, K., & WICKINGS, E. J. (1982) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-55-4-676 · Cited by 312
Gonadal function in men with testis cancer
Berthelsen, J. G., & Skakkebaek, N. E. (1983) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)46760-9 · Cited by 271
Self-citationMacLeod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (1951) · Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)74358-3 · Cited by 270
Semen Analysis: Evidence for Changing Parameters of Male Fertility Potential
Nelson, C. M. K., & Bunge, R. G. (1974) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)40454-1 · Cited by 258
ELIASSON, R. (2009) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1971.tb01125.x · Cited by 246
External quality control in the andrology laboratory: an experimental multicenter trial
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Cited by
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J.-P., Giudice, L. C., Hauser, R., Prins, G. S., Soto, A. M., Zoeller, R. T., & Gore, A. C. (2009) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2009-0002 · Cited by 4,585
EDC-2: the endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Gore, A. C., Chappell, V. A., Fenton, S. E., Flaws, J. A., Nadal, A., Prins, G. S., Toppari, J., & Zoeller, R. T. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1010 · Cited by 2,407
Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology
Vander Borght, M., & Wyns, C. (2018) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012 · Cited by 2,278
State-of-the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012
Bergman, Å., Heindel, J., Jobling, S., Kidd, K., & Zoeller, R. T. (2012) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020 · Cited by 1,388
Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis
Levine, H., Jørgensen, N., Martino-Andrade, A., Mendiola, J., Weksler-Derri, D., Mindlis, I., Pinotti, R., & Swan, S. H. (2017) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx022 · Cited by 1,374
Metadata
- Authors
- Carlsen, E., Giwercman, A., Keiding, N., & Skakkebaek, N. E.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1992-09-12
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 6854
- Pages
- 609-613
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W2032743237
- Cited by
- 2,768
- References
- 42
- FWCI
- 37.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Carlsen, E., Giwercman, A., Keiding, N., & Skakkebaek, N. E. (1992). Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6854.609
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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