Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Open accessAbstract
There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present the evidence that endocrine disruptors have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology. Results from animal models, human clinical observations, and epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, retinoid, and actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors and systems; and many other pathways that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modeled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, EDCs represent a broad class of molecules such as organochlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, and many other chemicals that are present in the environment or are in widespread use. We make a number of recommendations to increase understanding of effects of EDCs, including enhancing increased basic and clinical research, invoking the precautionary principle, and advocating involvement of individual and scientific society stakeholders in communicating and implementing changes in public policy and awareness.
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Many endocrine disruptors may affect transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors by competitively binding with the ligand binding domain, modifying coactivator activity, and dissociating corepressors.
“Many endocrine disruptors may affect the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors by changing the action of competitively binding with ligand biding domain, which may modify coactivator activity and dissociate corepressors that reduce deacetylases action.”
From Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause (2014) · cites this paper as [151]
Some endocrine disruptors may activate phosphorylation of proteins.
“Furthermore, some of them may activate the phosphorylation of proteins [151, 152].”
From Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause (2014) · cites this paper as [151]
Some endocrine disruptors may modify DNA methylation in the regulatory region of specific genes.
“Some endocrine disruptors may also modify DNA methylation in the regulatory region of specific genes.”
From Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause (2014) · cites this paper as [151]
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Goodarzi, M. O., Dumesic, D. A., Chazenbalk, G., & Azziz, R. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.217 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders
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A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health
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Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence
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Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
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Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause
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Global climate change and children's health: threats and strategies for prevention
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A review on emerging water contaminants and the application of sustainable removal technologies
Kumar, R., Qureshi, M., Vishwakarma, D. K., Al-Ansari, N., Kuriqi, A., Elbeltagi, A., & Saraswat, A. (2022) · Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100219 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Salas-Huetos, A., Bulló, M., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2017) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx006 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Alonso-Magdalena, P., Quesada, I., & Nadal, A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.56 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
CERAPP: Collaborative Estrogen Receptor Activity Prediction Project
Mansouri, K., Abdelaziz, A., Rybacka, A., Roncaglioni, A., Tropsha, A., Varnek, A., Zakharov, A., Worth, A., Richard, A. M., Grulke, C. M., et al. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1510267 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Personal care products and endocrine disruption: A critical review of the literature
Witorsch, R. J., & Thomas, J. A. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.515563 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and child development
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Minireview: Endocrine disruptors: Past lessons and future directions
Schug, T. T., Johnson, A. F., Birnbaum, L. S., Colborn, T., Guillette, L. J., Crews, D. P., Collins, T., Soto, A. M., vom Saal, F. S., McLachlan, J. A., et al. (2016) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2016-1096 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationThe timing of puberty: is it changing? Does it matter?
Walvoord, E. C. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.018 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Screening Chemicals for Estrogen Receptor Bioactivity Using a Computational Model
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Emerging Wastewater Contaminant Metformin Causes Intersex and Reduced Fecundity in Fish
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“However, some research suggests that EDCs could act through other mechanisms beside classical hormone receptor pathways, such as the neuroendocrine system and the insulin signaling axis (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., 2009).”
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Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Disease Endpoints
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The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor GPER in health and disease: an update
Prossnitz, E. R., & Barton, M. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00822-7 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Song, Y., Chou, E. L., Baecker, A., You, N. Y., Song, Y., Sun, Q., & Liu, S. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12325 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Mousavi, S. E., Amini, H., Heydarpour, P., Amini Chermahini, F., & Godderis, L. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.052 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
Palioura, E., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2015) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9326-7 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationTransgenerational effects of prenatal bisphenol A on social recognition
Wolstenholme, J. T., Goldsby, J. A., & Rissman, E. F. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.09.007 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Are Oral Contraceptives a Significant Contributor to the Estrogenicity of Drinking Water?
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Calsolaro, V., Pasqualetti, G., Niccolai, F., Caraccio, N., & Monzani, F. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122583 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Woodruff, T. J., Sutton, P., & The Navigation Guide Work Group (2011) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1219 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Should oral gavage be abandoned in toxicity testing of endocrine disruptors?
Vandenberg, L. N., Welshons, W. V., vom Saal, F. S., Toutain, P.-L., & Myers, J. P. (2014) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-13-46 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview of Current Gaps and Research Needs
Finkbeiner, M., Ackermann, R., Bach, V., Berger, M., Brankatschk, G., Chang, Y.-J., Grinberg, M., Lehmann, A., Martínez-Blanco, J., Minkov, N., et al. (2014) · LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8697-3_7 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and child health
Ghassabian, A., Vandenberg, L., Kannan, K., & Trasande, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-021921-093352 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Praegnatio Perturbatio—Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Padmanabhan, V., Song, W., & Puttabyatappa, M. (2021) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa035 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Perfluorocarbon exposure, gender and thyroid function in the C8 Health Project
S. Knox, S., Jackson, T., J. Frisbee, S., Javins, B., & M. Ducatman, A. (2011) · The Journal of Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.2131/jts.36.403 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Insights into the prevalence and impacts of phthalate esters in aquatic ecosystems
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Environmental pollution and the risk of developing metabolic disorders: obesity and diabetes
Khalil, W. J., Akeblersane, M., Khan, A. S., Moin, A. S. M., & Butler, A. E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24108870 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Sobolewski, M., Conrad, K., Allen, J. L., Weston, H., Martin, K., Lawrence, B. P., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2014) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2014.09.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
van Berlo, D., Albrecht, C., Knaapen, A. M., Cassee, F. R., Gerlofs-Nijland, M. E., Kooter, I. M., Palomero-Gallagher, N., Bidmon, H.-J., van Schooten, F.-J., Krutmann, J., et al. (2010) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0551-7 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Alnuqaydan, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1439027 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Equally vital is the advocacy for greater transparency in ingredient labeling, empowering consumers to make informed choices about the products they use (112).”
BackgroundThe role of phthalate esters in autism development: A systematic review
Jeddi, M. Z., Janani, L., Memari, A. H., Akhondzadeh, S., & yunesian, M. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.021 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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EDC IMPACT: Chemical UV filters can affect human sperm function in a progesterone-like manner
Rehfeld, A., Egeberg, D. L., Almstrup, K., Petersen, J. H., Dissing, S., & Skakkebæk, N. E. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-17-0156 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors
Patisaul, H. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00134 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Because it was developed specifically for scientific purposes, this review will use the Endocrine Society definition, which states that an EDC is: “an exogenous chemical, or mixture of chemicals, that interferes with any aspect of hormone action” (13, 14).”
MethodMild Hypothyroidism in Childhood: Who, When, and How Should Be Treated?
Vigone, M. C., Capalbo, D., Weber, G., & Salerno, M. (2018) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2017-00471 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Releases of Fire-Derived Contaminants from Polymer Pipes Made of Polyvinyl Chloride
Chong, N. S., Abdulramoni, S., Patterson, D., & Brown, H. (2019) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics7040057 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Daniele, L., Cannatelli, C., Buscher, J. T., & Bonatici, G. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.165 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gioiosa, L., Palanza, P., Parmigiani, S., & vom Saal, F. S. (2015) · Dose-Response · doi:10.1177/1559325815610760 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure: Cardiometabolic health risk in humans
Ma, C.-X., Ma, X.-N., Li, H.-L., Mauricio, D., & Fu, S.-B. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02938-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Behavioral and endocrine effects of chronic exposure to low doses of chlorobenzenes in Wistar rats
Nagyeri, G., Valkusz, Z., Radacs, M., Ocsko, T., Hausinger, P., Laszlo, M., Laszlo, F. A., Juhasz, A., Julesz, J., & Galfi, M. (2012) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.09.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Haykal, D., Lim, H. W., Calzavara-Pinton, P., Fluhr, J., Cartier, H., & Berardesca, E. (2025) · JAAD Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.jdrv.2025.05.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Drugs and Other Substances Interfering with Thyroid Function
Montanelli, L., Benvenga, S., Hegedüs, L., Vitti, P., Latrofa, F., & Duntas, L. H. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_27 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dias, G. R. M., Giusti, F. C. V., de Novais, C. O., de Oliveira, M. A. L., Paiva, A. G., Kalil-Cutti, B., Mahoney, M. M., & Graceli, J. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1571689 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): From Diagnosis to Treatment
Rani, R., Priyanka, P., Yadav, R., Bajal, N., Mandal, B. S., & Kumar, A. (2024) · International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology · doi:10.22161/ijeab.94.5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J.-P., Giudice, L. C., Hauser, R., Prins, G. S., Soto, A. M., Zoeller, R. T., & Gore, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Endocrine Section of First Department of Medicine (E.D.-K.), Laiko Hospital, Medical School University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (BE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gore, Andrea C.
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 293-342
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- PMC
- PMC2726844
- OpenAlex
- W2165700542
- Cited by
- 4,585
- References
- 489
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 294 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 313 · 2021: 405 · 2020: 333 · 2019: 266 · 2018: 314 · 2017: 283 · 2016: 273 · 2015: 278 · 2014: 276 · 2013: 220 · 2012: 188
- FWCI
- 114.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas at Austin
- European Commission
- National Institutes of Health (ES07784)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES 09718, #ES07784, ES08314, R01ES009718, ES-015584, R21ES015182, R01ES008314, ES01230, ES015182, P30ES007784, R01ES015584)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- endocrine disruptors, reproductive toxicity, breast cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid function, obesity, estrogenic activity, antiandrogenic activity, PPARγ, nuclear receptors, steroidogenic enzymes, neurotransmitter receptors, precautionary principle, public policy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease Models, Animal, Endocrine System Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Public Health, Reproductive Medicine, Endocrine Disruptors
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