Cited by 1,885Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Epidemiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect

Open access

Cook, Richard J, Sackett, David L·1995·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.310.6977.452PMC PMC2548824

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The relative benefit of an active treatment over a control is usually expressed as the relative risk, the relative risk reduction, or the odds ratio. These measures are used extensively in both clinical and epidemiological investigations. For clinical decision making, however, it is more meaningful to use the measure "number needed to treat." This measure is calculated on the inverse of the absolute risk reduction. It has the advantage that it conveys both statistical and clinical significance to the doctor. Furthermore, it can be used to extrapolate published findings to a patient at an arbitrary specified baseline risk when the relative risk reduction associated with treatment is constant for all levels of risk.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.310.6977.452

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.
Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L., & Lees, A. J. (1992) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181 · Cited by 10,378
Evidence-Based Medicine
Guyatt, G. H. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032 · Cited by 4,577
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491
Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine.
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-9-825_9 · Cited by 3,497
An Assessment of Clinically Useful Measures of the Consequences of Treatment
Laupacis, A., Sackett, D. L., & Roberts, R. S. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198806303182605 · Cited by 1,681
Self-citation
A Neurological Syndrome Associated with Orthostatic Hypotension: A Clinical-Pathologic Study
SHY, G. M. (1960) · A.M.A. Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1960.03840110025004 · Cited by 743
Multiple system atrophy--the nature of the beast.
Quinn, N. P. (1989) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.suppl.78 · Cited by 641
Orthostatic hypotension and nicotine sensitivity in a case of multiple system atrophy.
Graham, J. G., & Oppenheimer, D. R. (1969) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.32.1.28 · Cited by 561
Corticobasal degeneration: A clinical study of 36 cases
Rinne, J. O., Lee, M. S., Thompson, P. D., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1183 · Cited by 407
Diffuse Lewy body disease: clinical features in 15 cases.
Byrne, E. J., Lennox, G. G., Lowe, J. S., & Godwin-Austen, R. B. (1989) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.6.709 · Cited by 309

Show all 24 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,004

Controversy and Debate: Questionable utility of the relative risk in clinical research: Paper 1: A call for change to practice
Doi, S. A., Furuya-Kanamori, L., Xu, C., Lin, L., Chivese, T., & Thalib, L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.08.019 · Cited by 150
Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Prophylactic Antiemetics During Patient-Controlled Analgesia Therapy
Tramèr, M. R., & Walder, B. (1999) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-199906000-00030 · Cited by 148
Is obsessive–compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder, and what, if any, are spectrum conditions? A family study perspective
Bienvenu, O. J., Samuels, J. F., Wuyek, L. A., Liang, K.-Y., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., Cullen, B. A., Riddle, M. A., Greenberg, B. D., Rasmussen, S. A., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000742 · Cited by 286
Seeing what you want to see in randomised controlled trials: versions and perversions of UKPDS data
McCormack, J. P. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7251.1720 · Cited by 149
Morphine responsiveness, efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic non-tumor associated pain – results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (MONTAS)
Maier, C., Hildebrandt, J., Klinger, R., Henrich-Eberl, C., & Lindena, G. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00020-9 · Cited by 148
Annual Research Review: Defining and treating pediatric treatment‐resistant depression
Dwyer, J. B., Stringaris, A. K., Brent, D. A., & Bloch, M. H. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13202 · Cited by 158
Efficacy and Adverse Events of Subcutaneous, Oral, and Intranasal Sumatriptan Used for Migraine Treatment: A Systematic Review Based on Number Needed To Treat
Tfelt‐Hansen, P. C. (1998) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1808532.x · Cited by 147
Propensity‐score matching with competing risks in survival analysis
Austin, P. C., & Fine, J. P. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8008 · Cited by 146
A controlled trial of psychodynamic psychotherapy for co-occurring borderline personality disorder and alcohol use disorder.
Gregory, R. J., Chlebowski, S. M., Kang, D., Remen, A. L., Soderberg, M., Stepkovitch, J., & Virk, S. (2008) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.1.28 · Cited by 147
Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children
McNicol, E. D., Tzortzopoulou, A., Schumann, R., Carr, D. B., & Kalra, A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006883.pub3 · Cited by 145
Absolute risk reductions and numbers needed to treat can be obtained from adjusted survival models for time-to-event outcomes
Austin, P. C. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.03.012 · Cited by 145
Risks of stillbirth and neonatal death with advancing gestation at term: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of 15 million pregnancies
Muglu, J., Rather, H., Arroyo-Manzano, D., Bhattacharya, S., Balchin, I., Khalil, A. A., Thilaganathan, B., Khan, K. S., Zamora, J., & Thangaratinam, S. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002838 · Cited by 145
Efficacy and Safety of Antidepressants for Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: A Metaanalysis
Thompson, S. J., Herrmann, N., Rapoport, M. J., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200407 · Cited by 144
Duloxetine for the Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: Evidence-Based Findings from Post Hoc Analysis of Three Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Studies
Kajdasz, D. K., Iyengar, S., Desaiah, D., Bačkonja, M.-M., Farrar, J. T., Fishbain, D. A., Jensen, T. S., Rowbotham, M. C., Sang, C. N.-M., Ziegler, D., et al. (2007) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.12.002 · Cited by 141
Analysing the relationship between treatment effect and underlying risk in meta-analysis: comparison and development of approaches
Sharp, S. J., & Thompson, S. G. (2000) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20001215)19:23 · Cited by 99
Antidepressants for neuropathic pain
Saarto, T., & Wiffen, P. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005454 · Cited by 142
Pharmacological treatments for acute migraine: quantitative systematic review
Oldman, A., Smith, L. A., McQuay, H. J., & Moore, A. R. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00024-6 · Cited by 141
Detention of people with dangerous severe personality disorders: a systematic review
Buchanan, A. W., & Leese, M. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06962-8 · Cited by 141
Oral morphine for cancer pain
Wiffen, P. J., & McQuay, H. J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003868.pub2 · Cited by 140
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials and cohort studies of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis
Moore, R., & Derry, S. (2006) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar2093 · Cited by 147
Mechanisms of pain and their therapeutic implications
Muir, W. W., & Woolf, C. J. (2001) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.1346 · Cited by 139
Prophylactic Ankle Taping and Bracing: A Numbers-Needed-to-Treat and Cost-Benefit Analysis.
Olmsted, L. C., Vela, L. I., Denegar, C. R., & Hertel, J. N. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 139
Measurement in clinical trials: A neglected issue for statisticians?
Senn, S., & Julious, S. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3603 · Cited by 136
Mean analgesic consumption is inappropriate for testing analgesic efficacy in post-operative pain: analysis and alternative suggestion
Moore, R. A., Mhuircheartaigh, R. J. N., Derry, S., & McQuay, H. J. (2011) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/eja.0b013e328343c569 · Cited by 138
Diabetic Painful Neuropathy
Chong, M. S., & Hester, J. (2007) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200767040-00006 · Cited by 138
Opioids for neuropathic pain
Eisenberg, E., McNicol, E. D., & Carr, D. B. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006146 · Cited by 138
Overview review: Comparative efficacy of oral ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) across acute and chronic pain conditions
Moore, R. A., Derry, S., Wiffen, P. J., Straube, S., & Aldington, D. J. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.649 · Cited by 136
Calcular e apresentar tamanhos do efeito em trabalhos científicos (1): As limitações do p < 0,05 na análise de diferenças de médias de dois grupos
Espírito‐Santo, H., & Daniel, F. (2015) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.7342/ismt.rpics.2015.1.1.14 · Cited by 143
Topical NSAIDs for acute pain: a meta-analysis
Mason, L., Moore, A., Edwards, J. E., Derry, S., & McQuay, H. J. (2004) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-5-10 · Cited by 137
Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy21Reprints are available from the AHRQ Web site at www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm, through the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guideline.gov), or in print through the AHRQ Clearinghouse (1-800-358-9295).22The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations based on this evidence review can be found in Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Recommendations and Rationale, available elsewhere in this supplement, and from the AHRQ Web site and clearinghouse.
Guise, J., Mahon, S. M., Aickin, M. G., Helfand, M., Peipert, J. F., & Westhoff, C. L. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00256-2 · Cited by 136
The Comparative Dose-Response Effects of Melatonin and Midazolam for Premedication of Adult Patients: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study
Naguib, M., & Samarkandi, A. H. (2000) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-200008000-00046 · Cited by 134
Acceptance and commitment therapy as a web-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Randomised controlled trial
Pots, W. T. M., Fledderus, M., Meulenbeek, P. A. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Schreurs, K. M. G., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146068 · Cited by 133
Effects of a brief mindfulness-based intervention program for stress management among medical students: the Mindful-Gym randomized controlled study
Phang, C. K., Mukhtar, F., Ibrahim, N., Keng, S., & Sidik, S. M. (2015) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-015-9591-3 · Cited by 133
Pharmacological Treatment of Postoperative Shivering: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Kranke, P., Eberhart, L. H. J., Roewer, N., & Tramèr, M. R. (2002) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/00000539-200202000-00043 · Cited by 133
Use of the Cumulative Proportion of Responders Analysis Graph to Present Pain Data Over a Range of Cut-Off Points: Making Clinical Trial Data More Understandable
Farrar, J. T., Dworkin, R. H., & Max, M. B. (2006) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.08.018 · Cited by 133
A Trade-off Analysis of Routine Newborn Circumcision
Christakis, D., Harvey, E. M., Zerr, D. M., Feudtner, C., Wright, J. A., & Connell, F. A. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.105.s2.246 · Cited by 133
Lithium Plus Valproate Combination Therapy Versus Monotherapy for Relapse Prevention in Bipolar I Disorder (BALANCE): A Randomised Open-Label Trial
The BALANCE investigators and collaborators, Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., Rendell, J., Jm, A., Cipriani, A., Ostacher, M. J., Morriss, R. K., Alder, N. C., & Juszczak, E. (2011) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.9.4.foc488 · Cited by 134
Postoperative analgesia and vomiting, with special reference to day-case surgery: a systematic review.
McQuay, & Moore (1998) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta2120 · Cited by 131
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders
Kisely, S. R., Campbell, L. A., & Preston, N. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004408.pub3 · Cited by 135
Calculating the “number needed to be exposed” with adjustment for confounding variables in epidemiological studies
Bender, R., & Blettner, M. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00510-8 · Cited by 130
Single dose oral etoricoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
Clarke, R. T., Derry, S., & Moore, R. A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004309.pub4 · Cited by 129
Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain
Wiffen, P. J., Collins, S., McQuay, H. J., Carroll, D., Jadad, A. R., & Moore, A. (2000) · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001133 · Cited by 129
Retracted
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Medicine Review of the Literature
Grabow, T. S., Tella, P. K., & Raja, S. N. (2003) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200311000-00005 · Cited by 128
A new method for CHD prediction and prevention based on regional risk scores and randomized clinical trials; PRECARD(R) and the Copenhagen Risk Score
Thomsen, T. F., Davidsen, M., Ibsen, H., Jorgensen, T., Jensen, G., & Borch-Johnsen, K. (2001) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182670100800508 · Cited by 127
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Hip Fracture Surgery
Southwell-Keely, J. P., Russo, R. R., MARCH, L. M., Cumming, R. G., Cameron, I. D., & Brnabic, A. J. M. (2004) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-200402000-00029 · Cited by 127
Are the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines effective? Meta-analysis of the prospective trials
Moore, R. A., Wiffen, P. J., & Lipsky, B. A. (2000) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-1-1 · Cited by 127
Pregabalin in fibromyalgia - responder analysis from individual patient data
Straube, S., Derry, S., Moore, R. A., Paine, J., & McQuay, H. J. (2010) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-150 · Cited by 126
An early intervention to promote well-being and flourishing and reduce anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Drossaert, C. H. C., Pieterse, M. E., Boon, B. J. F., Walburg, J. A., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.04.002 · Cited by 140
An evidence-based algorithm for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Finnerup, N. B., Otto, M., Jensen, T. S., & Sindrup, S. H. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 124
Comprehensive Analysis of Remission (COMPARE) with Venlafaxine versus SSRIs
Nemeroff, C. B., Entsuah, R., Benattia, I., Demitrack, M. A., Sloan, D. M., & Thase, M. E. (2010) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.8.4.foc592 · Cited by 126
Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
Derry, S., Moore, R. A., & Rabbie, R. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007400.pub2 · Cited by 126
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in labour pain: a systematic review
Carroll, D., Tramèr, M. R., McQuay, H., Nye, B., & Moore, A. (1997) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11039.x · Cited by 125
Relative efficacy of oral analgesics after third molar extraction
Barden, J., Edwards, J. E., McQuay, H. J., Wiffen, P. J., & Moore, A. (2004) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4811721 · Cited by 125
Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: a quantitative systematic review of randomized trials
Kjellberg, F., & Tramèr, M. R. (2001) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00003643-200106000-00002 · Cited by 125
Cervico-thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome
Straube, S., Derry, S., Moore, A., & Cole, P. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002918.pub3 · Cited by 124
Remote kinematic training for patients with chronic neck pain: a randomised controlled trial
Bahat, H. S., Croft, K., Carter, C., Hoddinott, A., Sprecher, E., & Treleaven, J. M. (2017) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-017-5323-0 · Cited by 124
The effects of information framing on the practices of physicians
McGettigan, P., Sly, K. A., O’Connell, D. L., Hill, S. R., & Henry, D. A. (1999) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.09038.x · Cited by 127
Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders.
Kisely, S. R., Campbell, L. A., & O'Reilly, R. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004408.pub5 · Cited by 123
Iatrogenic Ulnar Nerve Injury After the Surgical Treatment of Displaced Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus: Number Needed to Harm, A Systematic Review
Slobogean, B., Jackman, H., Tennant, S., Slobogean, G. P., & Mulpuri, K. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/bpo.0b013e3181e00c0d · Cited by 123
Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews, and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 2: Randomized Controlled Trials
Manchikanti, L. (2008) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/717 · Cited by 156
Quetiapine monotherapy for mania associated with bipolar disorder: combined analysis of two international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies
Vieta, E., Mullen, J., Brecher, M., Paulsson, B., & Jones, M. (2005) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079905x46340 · Cited by 123
Estimation of lead-time bias and its impact on the outcome of surveillance for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cucchetti, A., Trevisani, F., Pecorelli, A., Erroi, V., Farinati, F., Ciccarese, F., Rapaccini, G., Marco, M. D., Caturelli, E., Giannini, E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.037 · Cited by 115
Estimating the effect of treatment on binary outcomes using full matching on the propensity score
Austin, P. C., & Stuart, E. A. (2015) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280215601134 · Cited by 130
Messages for Clinicians: Moderators and Mediators of Treatment Outcome in Randomized Clinical Trials
KRAEMER, H. C. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101333 · Cited by 132
Effectiveness of a quantitative electroencephalographic biomarker for predicting differential response or remission with escitalopram and bupropion in major depressive disorder
Leuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Gilmer, W. S., Marangell, L. B., Burgoyne, K. S., Howland, R. H., Trivedi, M. H., Zisook, S., Jain, R. K., D, M. F. M., et al. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.004 · Cited by 125
Sumatriptan (all routes of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults - overview of Cochrane reviews
Derry, C. J., Derry, S., & Moore, R. A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009108.pub2 · Cited by 120
Pregabalin in fibromyalgia: meta-analysis of efficacy and safety from company clinical trial reports
Straube, S., Derry, S., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2010) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep432 · Cited by 122
Beyond ratios - flexible and resilient nurse staffing options to deliver cost-effective hospital care and address staff shortages: A simulation and economic modelling study
Griffiths, P., Saville, C. E., Ball, J., Jones, J., & Monks, T. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103901 · Cited by 120
Single dose oral ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
Collins, S., Moore, R. A., McQuay, H. J., Wiffen, P. J., Rees, J., & Derry, S. (1999) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001548 · Cited by 120
Two-Stage Arthroplasty for Prosthetic Joint Infection
Luu, A. N., Syed, F., Raman, G., Bhalla, A., Muldoon, E. G., Hadley, S., Smith, E. L., & Rao, M. (2013) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.035 · Cited by 118
Influence of prefrontal target region on the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with medication-resistant depression: a [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and MRI study
Martinot, M. P., Galinowski, A., Ringuenet, D., Gallarda, T., Lefaucheur, J., Bellivier, F., Picq, C., Bruguière, P., Mangin, J., Rivière, D., et al. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s146114570900008x · Cited by 118
Single-Dose Parenteral Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention of Postoperative Shivering: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Kranke, P., Eberhart, L. H. J., Roewer, N., & Tramèr, M. R. (2004) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000130589.00098.cd · Cited by 118
Communicating the risk reduction achieved by cholesterol reducing drugs
Skolbekken, J. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7149.1956 · Cited by 118
Prevention of vomiting after paediatric strabismus surgery: a systematic review using the numbers-needed-to-treat method
Tramèr, M. R., Moore, A., & McQuay, H. J. (1995) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/75.5.556 · Cited by 118
Nonpainful remote electrical stimulation alleviates episodic migraine pain
Yarnitsky, D., Volokh, L., Ironi, A., Weller, B., Shor, M., Shifrin, A., & Granovsky, Y. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003760 · Cited by 117
The effect of mindfulness‐based training on stress, anxiety, depression and job satisfaction among ward nurses: A randomized control trial
Ghawadra, S. F., Abdullah, K. L., Choo, W. Y., Danaee, M., & Phang, C. K. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13049 · Cited by 122
Faster, higher, stronger? Evidence for formulation and efficacy for ibuprofen in acute pain
Moore, A. R., Derry, S., Straube, S., Paine, J., & Wiffen, P. J. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.013 · Cited by 116
Systematic review of dexketoprofen in acute and chronic pain
Moore, R. A., & Barden, J. (2008) · BMC Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1186/1472-6904-8-11 · Cited by 115
Evaluating the Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Relative and Absolute Effects of Statin Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Byrne, P., Demasi, M., Jones, M., Smith, S. M., O’Brien, K. K., & DuBroff, R. (2022) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0134 · Cited by 114
Chronic neuropathic pain: mechanisms, drug targets and measurement
Finnerup, N. B., Sindrup, S. H., & Jensen, T. S. (2007) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00474.x · Cited by 115
Lipid Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A New Strategy Is Required
Superko, H. R., & King, S. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.667428 · Cited by 112
Single dose oral gabapentin for established acute postoperative pain in adults
Straube, S., Derry, S., Moore, R. A., Wiffen, P. J., & McQuay, H. J. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008183.pub2 · Cited by 113
Translating evidence-based information into effective risk communication: Current challenges and opportunities
Ghosh, A. K., & Ghosh, K. (2005) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.lab.2005.02.006 · Cited by 113
Oral morphine for cancer pain
Wiffen, P. J., Wee, B. L., & Moore, R. A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003868.pub4 · Cited by 113
Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people
FOXCROFT, D. R., Ireland, D., Lowe, G., & Breen, R. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003024 · Cited by 113
Retracted
Number Needed to Treat: Properties and Problems
Hutton, J. L. (2000) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/1467-985x.00175 · Cited by 112
Treatments for paediatric femoral fractures: a randomised trial
Wright, J. G., Wang, E. E. L., Owen, J. L., Stephens, D., Graham, H. K., Hanlon, M., Nattrass, G. R., Reynolds, R. A., & Coyte, P. C. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71878-x · Cited by 112
Pituitary suppression in ultrasound-monitored frozen embryo replacement cycles. A randomised study
El‐Toukhy, T. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh183 · Cited by 112
Efficacy and safety of human menopausal gonadotrophins versus recombinant FSH: a meta-analysis
Al-Inany, H. G., Abou-Setta, A. M., Aboulghar, M. A., Mansour, R., & Serour, G. I. (2008) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60559-7 · Cited by 114
Pharmacologic Management Part 1: Better-Studied Neuropathic Pain Diseases
Bačkonja, M.-M., & Serra, J. (2004) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2004.04020.x · Cited by 110
Clinical efficacy of early initiation of HAART in patients with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4 cell count > 350 × 106/l
Opravil, M., Ledergerber, B., Furrer, H., Hirschel, B. J., Imhof, A., Gallant, S., Wagels, T., Bernasconi, E., Meienberg, F., Rickenbach, M., et al. (2002) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200207050-00009 · Cited by 111
Evidence‐based medicine training in graduate medical education: past, present and future
Green, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2753.2000.00239.x · Cited by 109
Counting, analysing and reporting exacerbations of COPD in randomised controlled trials
Aaron, S. D., Fergusson, D. A., Marks, G. B., Suissa, S., Vandemheen, K. L., Doucette, S. P., Maltais, F., Bourbeau, J. F., Goldstein, R. S., Balter, M. S., et al. (2007) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2007.082636 · Cited by 109
Single dose oral ketoprofen or dexketoprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
Gaskell, H., Derry, S., Wiffen, P. J., & Moore, A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007355.pub3 · Cited by 108
Cost effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) treatment related to the risk of coronary heart disease and cost of drug treatment
Pickin, D. M., McCabe, C. J., Ramsay, L. E., Payne, N., Haq, I. U., Yeo, W. W., & Jackson, P. (1999) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.82.3.325 · Cited by 108
Single dose dipyrone for acute postoperative pain
Rees, J., Meseguer, F., Faura, C. C., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001) · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003227 · Cited by 107
Retracted
Low Concentration H 2 O 2 /TiO_N in Office Bleaching
Bortolatto, J. F., Pretel, H., Floros, M. C., Luizzi, A. C. C., Dantas, A. A. R., Fernández, E., Moncada, G. A., & de Oliveira, O. B. (2014) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034514537466 · Cited by 107
Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing latanoprost with timolol in the treatment of patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
Zhang, W. (2001) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.85.8.983 · Cited by 107
Aspirin with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
Kirthi, V., Derry, S., & Moore, R. A. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008041.pub3 · Cited by 111
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults
Thorpe, J. B., Shum, B., Moore, A., Wiffen, P. J., & Gilron, I. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010585.pub2 · Cited by 106

Authors: Cook, R. J., & Sackett, D. L.
Affiliations: University of Waterloo (CA)
John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
ORCID: Cook, Richard J
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1995-02-18
Volume: 310
Issue: 6977
Pages: 452-454
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.310.6977.452
PMC: PMC2548824
OpenAlex: W2111149452
Cited by: 1,885
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 52.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Keywords: number needed to treat, absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction, relative risk, odds ratio, treatment effect measurement, clinical decision-making, risk-benefit assessment
MeSH terms: Cerebrovascular Disorders, Humans, Hypertension, Statistics as Topic, Odds Ratio, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks