The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Qualitative research. Introducing focus groups.
Open accessAbstract
This paper introduces focus group methodology, gives advice on group composition, running the groups, and analysing the results. Focus groups have advantages for researchers in the field of health and medicine: they do not discriminate against people who cannot read or write and they can encourage participation from people reluctant to be interviewed on their own or who feel they have nothing to say.
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In the citing paper
“Such methods foster collaboration and inclusivity (Kitzinger, 1995), especially when paired with critical assessment frameworks that emphasize equity and representation.”
From Beyond Numbers (2025) · cites this paper as Kitzinger, 1995
In the citing paper
“The ' educational alliance ' conceptual model describes a supportive educational relationship upheld by the alignment of values and learning intentions. 33”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“The learner's perception of the educational relationship between the educator and the learner is the key determinant of the educational alliance's success . 32-34”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Using the framework of the ' educational alliance, ' they conceptualize feedback as a process of 'negotiation' within which both parties share a mutual understanding of the lear ner's goals as well as an agreement on responsibilities for reaching those goals. 33”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Core principles from the therapeutic alliance form the educational alliance and are underpinned by a mutual understanding of purpose. 33,45”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Our findings validate other core principles underpinning the educational alliance concept, 33 with learners identifying their relationships with educators as major determinants in the feedback process.”
From Medical student perceptions of feedback and feedback behaviors within the context of the “educational alliance.” (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Researchers have published or presented criteria on how to evaluate qualitative research in health literature in general and in the development of PROs in particular [12–16].”
From PRO development: rigorous qualitative research as the crucial foundation (2010) · cites this paper as [12]
Citations
Cites
The methodology of Focus Groups: the importance of interaction between research participants
Kitzinger, J. (1994) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347023 · Cited by 3,870
Self-citationQualitative Research: Rigour and qualitative research
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6997.109 · Cited by 2,715
Qualitative Research: Qualitative interviews in medical research
Britten, N. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6999.251 · Cited by 1,670
Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art
Morgan, D. (1993) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349008 · Cited by 1,586
Using focus groups to facilitate culturally anchored research
Hughes, D. L., & Dumont, K. A. (1993) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00942247 · Cited by 433
More than the Sum of the Parts: research methods in group interviewing
Watts, M., & Ebbutt, D. (1987) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/0141192870130103 · Cited by 241
Focus groups in tropical diseases research
Khan, M. E., & Manderson, L. H. (1992) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/7.1.56 · Cited by 174
Barker, G., & Rich, S. (1992) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1966728 · Cited by 149
Murray, S. A., Tapson, J., Turnbull, L., McCallum, J. T., & Little, A. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6930.698 · Cited by 139
Naish, J., Brown, J. A., & Denton, B. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 128
Improving Survey Questionnaires Through Focus Groups
O’Brien, K. (1993) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349008.n7 · Cited by 128
Challenge and innovation : methodological advances in social research on HIV/AIDS
Boulton, M. G. (1994) · Cited by 118
Identifying and treating wife abuse.
Brown, J. B., Lent, B., & Sas, G. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 85
(2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203397404 · Cited by 77
Narratives of Birth and the Postpartum: Analysis of the Focus Group Responses of New Mothers
DiMatteo, M. R., Kahn, K. L., & Bey, S. H. (1993) · Birth · doi:10.1111/j.1523-536x.1993.tb00228.x · Cited by 76
Using Focus Groups to Facilitate Culturally Anchored Research
Hughes, D. L., & Dumont, K. A. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0565-5_11 · Cited by 57
Zimmerman, M. L., Haffey, J., Crane, E., Szumowski, D., Alvarez, F., Bhiromrut, P., Brache, V., Lubis, F., Salah, M., Shaaban, M., et al. (1990) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1966670 · Cited by 55
Duke, S. S., Gordon-Sosby, K., Reynolds, K. D., & Gram, I. T. (1994) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/9.3.331 · Cited by 51
Beliefs of blue collar workers regarding coronary risk behaviours
Ritchie, J., Herscovitch, F., & Norfor, J. B. (1994) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/9.1.95 · Cited by 46
Lederman, L. C. (1983) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463378309369509 · Cited by 46
Using the Focus Group in Assessing Training Needs: Empowering Child Welfare Workers.
Denning, J. D., & Verschelden, C. (1993) · Child welfare · Cited by 43
Understanding AIDS: Researching audience perceptions of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?
Kitzinger, J. V. (1993) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 43
Self-citationGregory, S., & McKie, L. J. (1991) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns.5.33.32.s41 · Cited by 36
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Basch, 1987, Focus group interview: an under-utilised research technique for improving theory and practice in health education., Health Education Quarterly, 14, 411, 10.1177/109019818701400404 · DOI
- Geis, 1986, Lovers of AIDS victims: psychosocial stresses and counselling needs., Death Studies, 10, 43, 10.1080/07481188608252798 · DOI
- Kitzinger, 1990, Recalling the pain: incest survivor's experiences of obstetrics and gynaecology., Nursing Times, 86, 38
- Powney, 1988, Structured eavesdropping., Research Intelligence (Journal of the British Educational Research Foundation), 28, 10
- 10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347258 · DOI
- Mays, 1995, Observational methods in health care settings., BMJ, 311, 182, 10.1136/bmj.311.6998.182 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Qualitative Research: Consensus methods for medical and health services research
Jones, J., & Hunter, D. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7001.376 · Cited by 3,471
O.Nyumba, T., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12860 · Cited by 2,619
“Similarly, the assistant’s role includes observing non- verbal interactions and the impact of the group dynamics, and documenting the general content of the discussion, thereby supplementing the data (Kitzinger, 1994, 1995).”
Patrick, D. L., Burke, L. B., Gwaltney, C. J., Leidy, N. K., Martin, M. L., Molsen, E., & Ring, L. (2011) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.06.014 · Cited by 1,095
Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature.
Murphy, Dingwall, Greatbatch, Parker, & Watson (1998) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta2160 · Cited by 1,107
Giacomini, M. K., Cook, D. J., & for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.3.357 · Cited by 931
Metadata
- Authors
- Kitzinger, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kitzinger, Jenny
- ORCID
- Kitzinger, Jenny
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1995-07-29
- Volume
- 311
- Issue
- 7000
- Pages
- 299-302
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2550365
- OpenAlex
- W2104971230
- Cited by
- 6,939
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 312 · 2025: 279 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 295 · 2022: 286 · 2021: 361 · 2020: 401 · 2019: 385 · 2018: 329 · 2017: 367 · 2016: 361 · 2015: 366 · 2014: 370 · 2013: 331 · 2012: 371
- FWCI
- 103.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- focus groups, group composition, group facilitation, qualitative data analysis, health research, medical research, participant recruitment
- MeSH terms
- Communication, United Kingdom, Group Processes, Health Services Research, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Focus Groups
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