Cited by 855Sodium Intake and HealthBlood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesNutritional Studies and Diet

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations

Open access

Elliott, Paul, Stamler, Jeremiah, Nichols, Rob, Dyer, Alan R, Stamler, Rose, Kesteloot, Hugo, Marmot, Michael·1996·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1249PMC PMC2351086

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives : To assess further the relation in Intersalt of 24 hour urinary sodium to blood pressure of individuals and populations, and the difference in blood pressure from young adulthood into middle age. Design : Standardised cross sectional study within and across populations. Setting : 52 population samples in 32 countries. Subjects : 10 074 men and women aged 20-59. Main outcome measures : Association of sodium and blood pressure from within population and cross population multiple linear regression analyses with multivariate correction for regression dilution bias. Relation of sample median daily urinary sodium excretion to difference in blood pressure with age. Results : In within population analyses (n=10 074), individual 24 hour urinary sodium excretion higher by 100 mmol (for example, 170 v 70 mmol) was associated with systolic/diastolic blood pressure higher on average by 3/0 to 6/3 mm Hg (with and without body mass in analyses). Associations were larger at ages 40-59. In cross population analyses (n=52), sample median 24 hour sodium excretion higher by 100 mmol was associated with median systolic/diastolic pressure higher on average by 5-7/2-4 mm Hg, and estimated mean difference in systolic/diastolic pressure at age 55 compared with age 25 greater by 10-11/6 mm Hg. Conclusions : The strong, positive association of urinary sodium with systolic pressure of individuals concurs with Intersalt cross population findings and results of other studies. Higher urinary sodium is also associated with substantially greater differences in blood pressure in middle age compared with young adulthood. These results support recommendations for reduction of high salt intake in populations for prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels. Key messages: The within population findings were previously underestimated because of incomplete correction for the regression dilution problem Revised estimates of the within population association of sodium to blood pressure in Intersalt are concordant with the cross population findings for 52 samples Estimates of the effect of median sodium excretion higher by 100 mmol/day over a 30 year period (age 55 minus age 25) were a greater difference of 10-11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 6 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure These results lend further support to recommendations for mass reduction of high salt intake for the prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels and high blood pressure in populations

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1249

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical Methods
Snedecor, G. W., Cochran, W. G., & STOUT, B. B. (1939) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-193902000-00006 · Cited by 19,423
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods
Walker, E., Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270375 · Cited by 8,538
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease *1Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias
MACMAHON, S. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9 · Cited by 4,253
Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group.
(1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6644.319 · Cited by 2,213
Blood Pressure and End-Stage Renal Disease in Men
Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., Randall, B. L., Neaton, J. D., Brancati, F. L., Ford, C. E., Shulman, N. B., & Stamler, J. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199601043340103 · Cited by 1,661
Self-citation
Blood Pressure, Systolic and Diastolic, and Cardiovascular Risks: US Population Data
Stamler, J. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410050036006 · Cited by 1,015
Self-citation
By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III--Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction.
Law, M. R., Frost, C. D., & Wald, N. J. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6780.819 · Cited by 503
The INTERSALT Study: background, methods, findings, and implications
Stamler, J. F. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.2.626s · Cited by 439
Self-citation
INTERSALT study findings. Public health and medical care implications
Stamler, J., Rose, G., Stamler, R., Elliott, P., Dyer, A., & Marmot, M. (1989) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.14.5.570 · Cited by 426
Self-citation

Show all 36 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Cutler, 1991, An overview of randomised trials of sodium reduction and blood pressure, Hypertension, 17, 27, 10.1161/01.HYP.17.1_Suppl.I27 · DOI
National Research Council, Committee on Diet and Health, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences . Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease. 15. Electrolytes. Washington, DC Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease. 15. Electrolytes: National Academy Press, 1989: 413–30.
Dyer, 1989, The Intersalt study: relations of body mass index to blood pressure, J Hum Hypertens, 3, 299
Elliott, 1989, The Intersalt study: results for 24 hour sodium and potassium, by age and sex, J Hum Hypertens, 3, 323
Dennis, 1995, Public health policy and salt: doing the right thing, Perspect Applied Nutr, 3, 121
Department of Health. Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease . Report of the Cardiovascular Review Group, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: HMSO, 1994. (Report on health and social subjects 46.)

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 852

Sodium, blood pressure, and ethnicity: What have we learned?
Gleiberman, L. (2009) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20921 · Cited by 19
ASUPAN NATRIUM PENDUDUK INDONESIA: Analisis Data Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) 2014
Prihatini, S., Permaesih, D., & Julianti, E. D. (2017) · Gizi Indonesia · doi:10.36457/gizindo.v39i1.205 · Cited by 19
Pathophysiology of primary hypertension in children and adolescents
Litwin, M. (2023) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-023-06142-2 · Cited by 23
Salt intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality in England, 2003–2018
Song, J., Tan, M., Wang, C., Brown, M. K., Pombo-Rodrigues, S., MacGregor, G. A., & He, F. J. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003521 · Cited by 19
Trends in adherence to dietary recommendations among Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Park, K. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.658 · Cited by 20
RETRACTED: Urinary sodium or potassium excretion and blood pressure in adults of Shandong province, China: preliminary results of the SMASH project
Chen, X., Guo, X., Ma, J., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Yan, L., Xu, C., Zhang, X., Ren, J., Lu, Z., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2015.07.004 · Cited by 20
Retracted
Genetic Variants in Renalase and Blood Pressure Responses to Dietary Salt and Potassium Interventions: A Family-Based Association Study
Wang, Y., Chu, C., Ren, J., Mu, J., Wang, D., Liu, F., Ren, K., Guo, T., & Yuan, Z. (2014) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000368460 · Cited by 19
Nutritional Profiles in a Public Health Perspective: A Critical Review
Foltran, F., Verduci, E., Ghidina, M., Campoy, C., Jany, K.-D., Widhalm, K., Biasucci, G., Vögele, C., HALPERN, G. M., & Gregori, D. (2010) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/147323001003800202 · Cited by 20
A Gene-Based Analysis of Variants in the Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase (SGK) Genes with Blood Pressure Responses to Sodium Intake: The GenSalt Study
Li, C., Yang, X., He, J., Hixson, J. E., Gu, D., Rao, D. C., Shimmin, L. C., Huang, J., Gu, C. C., Chen, J., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098432 · Cited by 18
Potassium urinary excretion and dietary intake: a cross-sectional analysis in 8–10 year-old children
Oliveira, A. C., Padrão, P., Moreira, A. M., Pinto, M., Neto, M., Silva-Santos, T., Madureira, J., Fernandes, E. D. O., Graça, P., Breda, J., et al. (2015) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0374-z · Cited by 19
Pathophysiology of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension: A New Scope of an Old Problem
Franco, M., Sánchez‐Lozada, L. G., Bautista, R., Johnson, R. J., & Rodríguez‐Iturbe, B. (2008) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000110563 · Cited by 18
Salt intake and cardiovascular disease
He, F. J., MacGregor, G. A., & McCarron, D. A. (2008) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn550 · Cited by 18
Dietary electrolytes and hypertension in the elderly
Rosenthal, T., Shamiss, A., & Holtzman, E. J. (2001) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1023/a:1019565511762 · Cited by 18
Plasma ProANP 1–30 Reflects Salt Sensitivity in Subjects With Heredity for Hypertension
Melander, O., Frandsen, E., Groop, L., & Hulthén, U. L. (2002) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000017552.91014.2a · Cited by 18
Evidence in favor of moderate dietary sodium reduction
Kaplan, N. M. (2000) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(99)00242-3 · Cited by 18
Commentary: Strength and importance of the relation of dietary salt to blood pressure
Dyer, A. R., Elliott, P., Marmot, M. G., Kesteloot, H., Stamler, R., & Stamler, J. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7047.1661 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
HUBUNGAN ASUPAN NATRIUM, LEMAK, GANGGUAN MENTAL EMOSIONAL, DAN GAYA HIDUP DENGAN HIPERTENSI PADA DEWASA DI DKI JAKARTA
Ekaningrum, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition College · doi:10.14710/jnc.v10i2.30435 · Cited by 23
The role of lifestyle management in the overall treatment plan for prevention and management of hypertension
Davis, M. M., & Jones, D. W. (2002) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1053/snep.2002.28642 · Cited by 16
Cost-benefit Analysis of Sodium Intake Reduction Policy in Korea
Lee, C., Kim, D.-I., Hong, J., Koh, E., Kang, B.-W., Kim, J. W., Park, H., & Kim, C.-I. (2012) · 대한지역사회영양학회지 · doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.341 · Cited by 17
Salt intake in Eastern Saudi Arabia
Alkhunaizi, A. M., Aljishi, H., & Sodah, Z. A. A. (2013) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2013.19.11.915 · Cited by 17
Relationship of household salt intake level with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: NIPPON DATA80
Shima, A., Miyamatsu, N., Miura, K., Miyagawa, N., Okuda, N., Yoshita, K., Kadota, A., Suzuki, H., Kondo, K., Okamura, T., et al. (2019) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-019-0349-9 · Cited by 17
Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and sodium intake in Zhejiang Province, China: A cross-sectional survey in 2017
Du, X., Fang, L., Xu, J., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Bai, Y., Wu, J., Ma, J., Yu, M., & Zhong, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226756 · Cited by 17
(The prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors in the Czech population in 2015-2018. The Czech post-MONICA study)
Cífková, R., Bruthans, J., Wohlfahrt, P., Krajčoviechová, A., Šulc, P., Eremiášová, L., Pudil, J., Linhart, A., Widimsky, J., Jr., Filipovský, J., et al. (2020) · Cor et Vasa · doi:10.33678/cor.2020.010 · Cited by 17
Associations of Ultra-Processed and Unprocessed/Minimally Processed Food Consumption with Peripheral and Central Hemodynamics and Arterial Stiffness in Young Healthy Adults
Smiljanec, K., Mbakwe, A. U., Gonzalez, M. R., Mesbah, C., & Lennon, S. L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113229 · Cited by 23
Does Hypertension Impact 24-Hour Urine Parameters in Patients With Nephrolithiasis?
Hartman, C., Friedlander, J. I., Moreira, D. M., Leavitt, D., Hoenig, D. M., Smith, A. D., & Okeke, Z. (2015) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2014.12.013 · Cited by 17
The Effects of Reducing Sodium and Increasing Potassium Intake for Control of Hypertension and Improving Health
Cutler, J. A. (1999) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641969909061007 · Cited by 17
Efforts to Reduce Sodium Intake in Canada: Why, What, and When?
Vliet, B. N. V., & Campbell, N. R. C. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2011.04.012 · Cited by 17
Relationship of sodium intake with obesity among Iranian children and adolescents.
Rafie, N., Mohammadifard, N., Khosravi, A., Feizi, A., & Safavi, S. M. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17
Prévalence de l’hypertension artérielle dans l’oasis d’El-Menia, Algérie, et profil métabolique de la population
Hamida, F., Atif, M. L., Temmar, M., Chibane, A., Bezzaoucha, A., & Bouafia, M. T. C. (2013) · Annales de Cardiologie et d Angéiologie · doi:10.1016/j.ancard.2013.04.008 · Cited by 17
Dietary Sodium: A Perspective on Recent Sodium Evidence—Its Interpretation and Controversies
Campbell, N. R. C., Lackland, D. T., & MacGregor, G. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12187 · Cited by 15
Characterization of salt consumption among hypertensives according to socio-demographic and clinical factors
Perin, M. S., Cornélio, M. E., Rodrigues, R. C. M., & Gallani, M. C. B. J. (2013) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/s0104-11692013000500002 · Cited by 16
Factors Associated with a Low-sodium Diet: The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Lee, W. J., Kim, H. C., Oh, S. M., Choi, D. P., Cho, J., & Suh, I. (2013) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih/e2013005 · Cited by 16
Association between blood lead and blood pressure: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007 to 2011).
Bushnik, T., Levallois, P., D'Amour, M., Anderson, T. J., & McAlister, F. A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Dose–response association of 24-hour urine sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with nighttime blood pressure at older ages
Kim, M. K., Kwon, M., Rhee, M., Kim, K., Nah, D.-Y., Kim, S. W., Gu, N., Sung, K., Hong, K.-S., Cho, E.-J., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487318819528 · Cited by 16
Pilot trial of a licensed practical nurse intervention for hypertension and depression.
Bogner, H. R., de Vries, H. F., Kaye, E. M., & Morales, K. H. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Climate Change–Induced Salinity Threatens Health
Vineis, P., & Khan, A. E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.338.6110.1028-b · Cited by 16
Le sel dans l’alimentation : un problème de santé publique
Uzan, A., & Delaveau, P. (2009) · Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises · doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.03.009 · Cited by 16
Cross-sectional relations of urinary sodium excretion to cardiac structure and hypertrophy. The Framingham Heart Study.
Dhingra, R., Pencina, M. J., Benjamin, E. J., Levy, D. A., Larson, M. G., Meigs, J. B., Rifai, N., DAGOSTINOSR, R., & Vasan, R. S. (2004) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.06.008 · Cited by 16
Erratum to: Potassium urinary excretion and dietary intake: a cross-sectional analysis in 8–10 year-old children
Oliveira, A. C., Padrão, P., Moreira, A. M., Pinto, M., Neto, M., Silva-Santos, T., Madureira, J., Fernandes, E. D. O., Graça, P., Breda, J., et al. (2016) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0562-5 · Cited by 16
Commentary: Sodium and blood pressure in the Intersalt study and other studies—in reply to the Salt Institute: Fig 1
Stamler, J., Elliott, P., Dyer, A. R., Stamler, R., Kesteloot, H., & Marmot, M. G. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1285 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Salt Reduction in a Population for the Prevention of Hypertension
Nakagawa, H., & Miura, K. (2004) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02898090 · Cited by 17
Genetic and environmental influences on sodium intake determined by using half-day urine samples: the Healthy Twin Study
Kho, M., Lee, J. E., Song, Y.-M., Lee, K., Kim, K., Yang, S. S., Joung, H., & Sung, J. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067967 · Cited by 15
Salt Preference is Linked to Hypertension and not to Aging
Villela, P. T. M., de‐Oliveira, E. B., Villela, P. T. M., Bonardi, J. M. T., Bertani, R. F., Moriguti, J. C., Ferriolli, E., & Lima, N. K. C. (2019) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.5935/abc.20190157 · Cited by 15
Salt Intake, Asthma, and Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction: A Review
Mickleborough, T. D. (2010) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2010.04.1769 · Cited by 15
Intensity of Salt Taste and Prevalence of Hypertension Are Not Related in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study
Fischer, M., Cruickshanks, K. J., Pinto, A. A., Schubert, C. R., Klein, R., Klein, R., Nieto, F. J., Pankow, J. S., Snyder, D. J., & Keating, B. J. (2012) · Chemosensory Perception · doi:10.1007/s12078-012-9118-8 · Cited by 15
Dairy cheese consumption ameliorates single-meal sodium-induced cutaneous microvascular dysfunction by reducing ascorbate-sensitive oxidants in healthy older adults
Stanhewicz, A. E., Alba, B. K., Kenney, W. L., & Alexander, L. M. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516002579 · Cited by 16
Österreichischer Blutdruckkonsens 2019
Hypertensiologie, Ö. G. F., Weber, T., Atherosklerosegesellschaft, Ö., Gesellschaft, Ö. D., Angiologie, Ö. G. F. I., Nephrologie, Ö. G. F., Gesellschaft, Ö. K., Neurologie, Ö. G. F., Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft, Ö., Allgemeinmedizin, Ö. G. F., et al. (2019) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-019-01565-0 · Cited by 15
Salt and insulin sensitivity after short and prolonged high salt intake in elderly subjects
Lima, N. K. C., Tozetto, D. J. O., de Lima, L. G. C. A., Nobre, F. D., Moriguti, J. C., Ferriolli, E., & Foss, M. C. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2009000800008 · Cited by 15
Influence of different dietary salts on the cardiovascular and renal effects of moxonidine in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Mervaala, E. M. A., Malmberg, L., Teräväinen, T., Lähteenmäki, T. A., Karjala, K., Paakkari, I., Pörsti, I. H., Mest, H., Vapaatalo, H., & Karppanen, H. (1997) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005017 · Cited by 15
Analysis of Correlation between 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and the Degree of Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Non-Chronic Kidney Disease
Koo, H., Kim, Y. C., Ahn, S. Y., Oh, S. W., Kim, S., & Chin, H. J. (2014) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.s2.s117 · Cited by 15
The Population Risks of Dietary Salt Excess Are Exaggerated
Mente, A., O'Donnell, M. J., & Yusuf, S. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2014.02.003 · Cited by 14
Daytime cold exposure and salt intake based on nocturnal urinary sodium excretion: A cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study
Saeki, K., Obayashi, K., Tone, N., & Kurumatani, N. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.015 · Cited by 14
Salt, high blood pressure, and performance‐based regulation
Sugarman, S. D. (2009) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2009.01048.x · Cited by 14
An impact of dietary intervention on blood pressures among diabetic and/or hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular disorders risk in northern Thailand by cluster randomized trial
Yokokawa, H., Yuasa, M., Nedsuwan, S., Moolphate, S., Fukuda, H., Kitajima, T., Minematsu, K., Tanimura, S., & Marui, E. (2020) · Journal of General and Family Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgf2.379 · Cited by 14
Relationship between urinary sodium with blood pressure and hypertension among a Kazakh community population in Xinjiang, China
Han, W., Hu, Y., Tang, Y., Xue, F., Hou, L., Liang, S., Zhang, B., Wang, W., Asaiti, K., Pang, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2016.83 · Cited by 14
Resequencing Study Identifies Rare Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Variants Associated With Blood Pressure Salt-Sensitivity: The GenSalt Study
Kelly, T. N., Li, C., Hixson, J. E., Gu, D., Rao, D. C., Huang, J., Rice, T., Chen, J., Cao, J., Li, J., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpx004 · Cited by 14
Sodium Intake and Target Organ Damage in Hypertension—An Update about the Role of a Real Villain
Nista, F., Gatto, F., Albertelli, M., & Musso, N. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082811 · Cited by 13
Effet à court terme des apports sodés sur la pression artérielle des patients recevant une corticothérapie systémique : étude prospective, randomisée, croisée
Fardet, L., Kettaneh, A., Gérol, J., Tolédano, C., Tiev, K.-P., & Cabane, J. (2009) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2009.03.009 · Cited by 14
Effectiveness of Lifestyle Modification vs. Therapeutic, Preventative Strategies for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Prevention—A Cohort Study
Chlabicz, M., Jamiołkowski, J., Łaguna, W., Dubatówka, M., Sowa, P., Łapińska, M., Szpakowicz, A., Zieleniewska, N. A., Zalewska, M., Raczkowski, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030688 · Cited by 14
Nonhypertensive cardiac effects of a high salt diet
Hu, G., Qiao, Q., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2002) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-002-0047-9 · Cited by 14
Influence of dietary salt intake on the response of isolated perfused mesenteric veins of the dog to vasoactive agents
HAINSWORTH, R. (2003) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(02)03082-0 · Cited by 14
Sodium – a systematic review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023
Jula, A. (2024) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.29219/fnr.v68.10319 · Cited by 15
A Method for Estimating 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion by Casual Urine Specimen in Chinese Hypertensive Patients
Sun, Y., Wang, H., Liang, H., Yuan, Y., Shu, C., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Yu, M., Hu, S., & Sun, N. (2021) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpab020 · Cited by 13
Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension
Carey, R. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00020-6 · Cited by 13
The influence of high versus low sodium intake on blood pressure and haemodynamics in patients with morbid obesity
Bonfils, P. K., Taskiran, M., Damgaard, M., Goetze, J. P., Floyd, A. K., Funch-Jensen, P. M., Kristiansen, V. B., & Gadsbøll, N. (2013) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328363c769 · Cited by 15
Dietary Salt Intake as a Potential Modifier of Airway Responsiveness in Bronchial Asthma
Mickleborough, T. D., & Gotshall, R. W. (2004) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/1075553041829398 · Cited by 13
Assay of sodium in food: Comparison of different preparation methods and assay techniques
Ploegaerts, G., Desmet, C., & krieken, M. V. (2015) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2015.09.017 · Cited by 13
CYP17A1 Enzyme Activity Is Linked to Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Family-Based Population Study
Ackermann, D., Pruijm, M. T., Ponte, B., Guessous, I., Ehret, G., Escher, G., Dick, B., Alwan, H., Vuistiner, P., Paccaud, F., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv138 · Cited by 12
Scientific basis for reducing the salt (sodium) content in food products
Antonios, T. F., & MacGregor, G. A. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1125-6_5 · Cited by 13
The Conundrum of Time Trends in Stroke
Galé, C. R., & Martyn, C. (1997) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107689709000307 · Cited by 13
Correction for regression dilution bias using replicates from subjects with extreme first measurements
Berglund, L., Garmo, H., Lindbäck, J., & Zethelius, B. (2006) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2698 · Cited by 13
Does reducing your salt intake make you live longer?
Walker, J., MacKenzie, A. D., & Dunning, J. (2007) · Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1510/icvts.2007.165415 · Cited by 12
Salt restriction lowers blood pressure at rest and during exercise without altering peripheral hemodynamics in hypertensive individuals
Ratchford, S. M., Broxterman, R. M., Salle, D. T. L., Kwon, O. S., Park, S., Hopkins, P. N., Richardson, R. S., & Trinity, J. D. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00431.2019 · Cited by 12
Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH): On the Road to Success—Less Salt, More Health
Jelaković, B., Glavić, M. M., Sermek, M. B., Bilajac, L., Bubaš, M., Služek, V. B., Capak, K., Drenjančević, I., Bošković, A. G., Jelaković, A., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16101518 · Cited by 12
Effects of a diet high in salt, fat, and sugar on telemetric blood pressure measurements in conscious, unrestrained adult Yucatan miniature swine (Sus scrofa).
Myrie, S. B., McKnight, L. L., King, J. C., McGuire, J. J., Vliet, B. N. V., & Bertolo, R. F. P. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 12
Effects of salt loading and various therapies on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in young spontaneously hypertensive rats
Ziegelhöffer‐Mihalovičová, B., Arnold, N., Marx, G., Tannapfel, A., Zimmer, H., & Raßler, B. (2006) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.041 · Cited by 12
Increased salt intake during early ontogenesis lead to development of arterial hypertension in salt-resistant Wistar rats
Svitok, P., Molčan, Ľ., Veselá, A., Kružliak, P., Moravčík, R., & Zeman, M. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2014.913610 · Cited by 12
High Sodium Intake: Review of Recent Issues on Its Association with Cardiovascular Events and Measurement Methods
Rhee, M. (2015) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2015.45.3.175 · Cited by 13
Conventional Wisdom Reconsidered
Horn, L. R. (2016) · Inquiry · doi:10.1080/0020174x.2015.1125133 · Cited by 12
The effect of dietary sodium modification on blood pressure in adults with systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg
Kelly, J. T., Khalesi, S., Dickinson, K. M., Hines, S. J., Coombes, J. S., & Todd, A. S. (2016) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-002410 · Cited by 12
High dietary sodium augments vascular tone and attenuates low-flow mediated constriction in salt-resistant adults
Shenouda, N., Ramick, M. G., Lennon, S. L., Farquhar, W. B., & Edwards, D. G. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04370-0 · Cited by 12
Changes in blood pressure and in vasoactive and volume regulatory hormones during semistarvation in obese subjects
Messaoudi, L., Donckier, J. E., Stoffel, M., Ketelslegers, J., & Kolanowski, J. (1998) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90245-1 · Cited by 12
The epidemiology of blood pressure in East Asia
Harrison, W. N., & Marshall, T. P. (2005) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001958 · Cited by 12
Primary prevention of high blood pressure
Elliott, P., & Stamler, J. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0044 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
No evidence of a relation between 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenasetype 2 activity and salt sensitivity
Melander, O. (2003) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(03)00981-6 · Cited by 12
Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects of Citric Acid and Lemon Juice in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies
Nakamura, K., Suzuki, Y. C., Goto, K., Yamaguchi, S., & Hiramitsu, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173849 · Cited by 11
A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan
Lim, H.-J. (2012) · 대한지역사회영양학회지 · doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737 · Cited by 11
CERTAIN MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION: A CASE- CONTROL STUDY
Sagare, S. M., Rajderkar, S. S., & Girigosavi, B. S. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 11
Urinary proteomics reveals key markers of salt sensitivity in hypertensive patients during saline infusion
Matafora, V., Lanzani, C. L., Zagato, L., Manunta, P., Zacchia, M., Trepiccione, F., Simonini, M., Capasso, G., & Bachi, A. (2021) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-020-00877-z · Cited by 11
Dietary salt and the consumer: reported consumption and awareness of associated health risks
Purdy, J., & Armstrong, G. A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845693046.1.99 · Cited by 11
Influence of dietary salts on the cardiovascular effects of low‐dose combination of ramipril and felodipine in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Mervaala, E. M. A., Malmberg, L., Teräväinen, T., Laakso, J. T., Vapaatalo, H., & Karppanen, H. (1998) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701591 · Cited by 11
Should Dietary Salt Restriction Be a Basic Component of Antihypertensive Therapy?
Graudal, N. A., & Galloe, A. M. (2000) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1007808131419 · Cited by 11
Effects of dietary salt loading on the responses of isolated rat mesenteric arteries to leptin
JAFFAR, M., MYERS, D., HAINSWORTH, L., HAINSWORTH, R., & Drinkhill, M. (2005) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.10.031 · Cited by 11
An Investigation of the Diets of Infants Born in Ireland During the First Six Months of Life
Tarrant, R. C. (2008) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin) · doi:10.21427/d77s3f · Cited by 9
Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride
Jűrgens, G., & Graudal, N. A. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004022 · Cited by 11
Comparison of different calibration techniques of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in bakery products: on NaCl measurement
Bilge, G., Eseller, K. E., Berberoğlu, H., Sezer, B., Tamer, U., & Boyacı, İ. H. (2021) · Journal of the European Optical Society Rapid Publications · doi:10.1186/s41476-021-00164-9 · Cited by 10
Salt, arterial pressure, and cardiovascular and renal damage.
Sušić, D., Fares, H., & Frohlich, E. D. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 10
Antihypertensive and Some Biochemical Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide in Some Nigerians
Iyalomhe, G. B. S., Omogbai, E. K. I., & Ozolua, R. I. (2007) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2007.977.983 · Cited by 10
The relationship between sodium excretion and blood pressure, urine albumin, central retinal arteriolar equivalent
Huang, F., Yu, P., Yuan, Y., Li, Q., Lin, F. Y., Gao, Z., Chen, F., & Zhu, P. (2016) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-016-0369-1 · Cited by 10
Blood pressure class and carotid artery intima–media thickness in a population at the secondary epidemiological transition
Pasha, S. M., Wiria, A. E., Wammes, L. J., Smit, J. W. A., Partono, F., Supali, T., Yazdanbakhsh, M., & Tamsma, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834bbba8 · Cited by 10

Authors: Elliott, P., Stamler, J., Nichols, R., Dyer, A. R., Stamler, R., Kesteloot, H., & Marmot, M.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
General Department of Preventive Medicine (VN)
Northwestern University (US)
KU Leuven (BE)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Elliott, Paul
ORCID: Elliott, Paul
Marmot, Michael
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1996-05-18
Volume: 312
Issue: 7041
Pages: 1249-1253
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1249
PMC: PMC2351086
OpenAlex: W1639251217
Cited by: 855
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 31.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
National Research Foundation
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: sodium excretion, 24-hour urine sodium, blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, salt intake, regression dilution bias, INTERSALT, age-related blood pressure changes, middle age (human life stage), salt reduction, hypertension prevention, cross-population comparison, body mass
MeSH terms: Adult, Aging, Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Regression Analysis, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Nutrition Policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks