Oxygen transport2. Tissue hypoxia
Open accessAbstract
Tissues vary considerably in their sensitivity to hypoxia. Neurological cells tolerate hypoxia for only a few minutes whereas bladder smooth muscle may survive for several days without oxygen. This has important implications in the management of oxygen transport and monitoring of tissue hypoxia in critically ill patients. Regional oxygen transport and cellular use are often neglected but are important in maintaining tissue function and overall survival ### Delivery to organs and tissues The mechanisms controlling oxygen distribution are incompletely understood but involve a series of convective and diffusive processes. Convective oxygen transport refers to the bulk movement of oxygen in air or blood and depends on active, energy consuming processes generating flow in the tracheobronchial tree and circulation. Diffusive transport refers to the passive movement of oxygen down its concentration gradient across tissue barriers, including the alveolar-capillary membrane, and across the extracellular matrix between the tissue capillaries and individual cells to mitochondria. The amount of diffusive oxygen movement depends on the oxygen tension gradient and the diffusion distance. Effect of oxygen tension gradient and diffusion distance on availability of oxygen to cells In many critically ill patients tissue hypoxia is due to disordered regional distribution of blood flow both between and within organs. Regional and microcirculatory distribution of cardiac output is determined by a complex interaction of endothelial, receptor, neural, metabolic, and pharmacological factors working on small resistance arterioles and precapillary sphincters. In critical illness, particularly sepsis, hypotension and loss of normal autoregulation cause shunting and tissue hypoxia in some organs despite high global oxygen delivery and mixed venous saturation. The perfusion pressure is an important determinant of regional perfusion, but adrenaline or noradrenaline given to maintain systemic blood pressure may reduce regional distribution, particularly to the renal and splanchnic capillary beds. Severe tissue hypoxia due to capillary microthrombosis in critically ill patient with meningococcal septicaemia …
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The ERN1 and CAPG genes are involved in the regulation of hypoxia.
“The endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1) and capping protein gelsolin-like (CAPG) genes are involved in the regulation of hypoxia (a state of a cell with inadequate or reduced oxygen availability) (Leach and Treacher, 1998).”
From Identification of Candidate Signature Genes and Key Regulators Associated With Trypanotolerance in the Sheko Breed (2019) · cites this paper as Leach and Treacher, 1998
The “When is a tissue hypoxic?” section discusses cellular responses to low oxygen, but does not identify ERN1 or CAPG as regulators. Searches for both gene names and their expanded names found no passage addressing their role in hypoxia. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInflammation-associated hypoxia can result from a combination of factors including accumulation of metabolically active leukocytes, interstitial edema, and elevated temperature.
“Inflammation-associated hypoxia (or inflammatory hypoxia) can result from a combination of factors that result in a shift in metabolic supply and demand.”
From Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors as regulators of T cell development, differentiation, and function (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
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The effects of declined oxygen levels on hypoxia symptoms and blood gases: An experimental study
Sugiharto, A. F., Firdausi, R. A., Safitry, O., & Gunanti (2018) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1073/4/042023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Güven, H., & Székely, Z. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17080980 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This phenomenon arises due to abnormally developed tumor vasculature, heterogeneous spatial disorganization, and increased dense connective tissue remodeling, all of which impair tissue permeability and oxygen diffusion [19,49].”
Exploring the fractional Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equation: An iterative approach
Filali, D., Akram, M., & Dilshad, M. (2025) · AIMS Mathematics · doi:10.3934/math.20251042 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“…possible that lymphatic dysfunction in chronic wounds or during the early phases of wound repair results in the accumulation of interstitial fluid, thereby increasing local tissue swelling and increasing the distance between cells and their blood supply with resultant gradients of hypoxia [60–62].”
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“23,53 Pathological processes driven by hypoxia involve complex biochemical mechanisms and vary signi fi cantly across different tissues.”
Single-Sided Magnet System for Quantitative MR Relaxometry and Preclinical In-Vivo Monitoring
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- Authors
- Leach, R. M., & Treacher, D. F.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-11-14
- Volume
- 317
- Issue
- 7169
- Pages
- 1370-1373
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC1114253
- OpenAlex
- W2770375493
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- tissue hypoxia, oxygen transport, regional blood flow distribution, microcirculation, critical illness, sepsis, autoregulation, precapillary sphincters, perfusion pressure, meningococcal sepsis, diffusion distance
- MeSH terms
- Biological Transport, Capillaries, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Cell Hypoxia
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