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Integrating qualitative research with trials in systematic reviews
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Research questionWhat is known about the barriers to, and facilitators of, fruit and vegetable intake among children aged 4-10 years?Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies Controlled trials 1. Application of inclusion criteria 2. Quality assessment (n=33) 3. Data extraction 4. Quantitative synthesis (n=21) Qualitative trials 1. Application of inclusion criteria 2. Quality assessment (n=8) 3. Data extraction 4. Quantitative synthesis (n=8) Fig 1 Stages of the review Evidence for Policy
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“In general, the use to date of interpretive approaches to synthesis has been confined to the synthesis of qualitative research only [6-8].”
From Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups (2006) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Methods for including qualitative and quantitative evidence in systematic reviews developed by the EPPI Centre at the Institute of Education, London, have involved refinements and extensions of conventional systematic review methodology [6-8], and have limited their application of interpretive techniques to synthesis of qualitative evidence.”
From Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups (2006) · cites this paper as [8]
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Marketing dimensions in the prescription pharmaceutical industry: a systematic literature review
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“However, methods for synthesising qualitative evidence, such as meta-ethnography (Noblit and Hare 1988) and thematic synthesis including of ‘barriers and facilitators’ (Thomas et al. 2004) are being increasingly used by international develop-”
MethodMixed Methods Synthesis: A Worked Example
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Self-citationWhy do friendships matter for survival?
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Quantitizing findings from qualitative studies for integration in mixed methods reviewing
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“hypothesize which component included in interventions could be more effective.(12) Qualitative studies are often used to merely support quantitative studies, but recent writings have proposed a broader use of qualitative studies in mixed methods reviews.”
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“The three-stage framework proposed by Thomas et al. (2004a) and recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute (2014) is used, whereby qualitative and quantitative data are extracted, analysed separately (stages one and two), and synthesised (stage three) to answer the research question.”
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Crombag, N. M. T. H., Bensing, J. M., Iedema-Kuiper, R., Schielen, P. C. J. I., & Visser, G. H. A. (2013) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.798289 · Cited by 34
“The conclusions of a review can be substantially altered by the inclusion of qualitative data, which are more likely to reflect the experiences of the target group [15].”
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Systematic Review of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) with Children and Families.
Woods, K. A., Bond, C., Humphrey, N., Symes, W., & Green, L. (2011) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 33
How Qualitative Research Informs Clinical and Policy Decision Making in Transplantation
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“Qualitative studies are the appropriate design for answering research questions about the views and experiences of patients, practitioners, policy makers, and the public.(1) Qualitative research has the capacity to answer the ‘how’ and the ‘why’ questions, such as how to provide patients perceive their care, or why a…”
BackgroundThe clinical effectiveness of nursing models of diabetes care: A synthesis of the evidence
Crowe, M., Jones, V., Stone, M.-A., & Coe, G. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.03.004 · Cited by 34
What is known about the LGBTQ perspective in child welfare services: A scoping review
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Spiritual care in hospitalized patients.
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“Furthermore, there are issues around assessing the quality of qualitative evidence within review-type studies and whether studies should be excluded based on perceived quality, which further compounds the issue [99-101].”
Understanding User Involvement in Research in Aging and Health
Iwarsson, S., Edberg, A., Dahlin‐Ivanoff, S., Hanson, E. J., Jönson, H., & Schmidt, S. (2019) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721419897781 · Cited by 32
“Meta-ethnographic approaches (RycroftMalone & Burton, 2015) that assemble the findings of multiple primary qualitative studies using a systematic approach have the potential to add breadth and depth, and thereby generate comprehensive and generalizable theory (Thomas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Methods for the Synthesis of Studies without Control Groups
Fitzpatrick-LewisDonna, D., & Thomas, C. (2009) · Cited by 32
Bethel, E. C., & Bernard, R. M. (2010) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2010.513950 · Cited by 34
“, 2008; Jahng, Krug, & Zhang, 2007; Lou, Bernard, & Abrami, 2006; Machtmes & Asher, 2000; Shachar & Neumann, 2003; Sitzmann, Kraiger, Stewart, & Wisher, 2006; Ungerleider & Burns, 2003; US Department of Education, 2009; Williams, 2006; Zhao, Lei, Lai, & Tan, 2005). Results suggest that DE and CI are roughly equivalent…”
MethodVinchenzo, C., Lawrence, V. C., & McCombie, C. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00568-z · Cited by 31
“The aim of this review is therefore to synthesise qualitative literature on patient experiences of premature termination of eating disorder treatment, to summarise the central elements driving this phenomenon, and inform interventions to maximise treatment engagement [24, 25].”
BackgroundTeskereci, G., & Kulakaç, Ö. (2016) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12456 · Cited by 30
Principle-Based Concept Analysis Methodology Using a Phased Approach With Quality Criteria
Smith, S., & Mörelius, E. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211057995 · Cited by 39
“In other methods of concept analysis which have been advanced, Smith et al. (2020) adapted Rodgers (1989) Evolutionary Method with a systematic integrative review and used a descriptive thematic synthesis (Thomas et al., 2004).”
MethodKaspersen, S. L., Kalseth, J., Stene‐Larsen, K., & Reneflot, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610016 · Cited by 36
“To summarise the results, we used an approach inspired by thematic synthesis [39,40].”
MethodLasalvia, A., & Ruggeri, M. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01089.x · Cited by 31
Candy, B., King, M., Jones, L., & Oliver, S. R. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-179 · Cited by 32
“Innovative approaches to using such information are being explored, for instance drawing on qualitative evidence on recipients’ (usually patients’) views to inform effectiveness evidence from systematic reviews of trials [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationReis, S. P., Hermoni, D., Van-Raalte, R., Dahan, R., & Borkan, J. (2006) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2006.07.011 · Cited by 31
“Despite these advances, however, there are still ample missed opportunities for further utilization of the insights from qualitative studies as sources of evidence, such as in systematic reviews [11,15,16,18,20,21].”
BackgroundInfluentialCofiño, R., Muñoz, B. Á., Rodríguez, S., & Alba, R. H. (2005) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1157/13075472 · Cited by 31
Sweetman, J., Knapp, P., Varley, D., Woodhouse, R., McMillan, D., & Coventry, P. A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.089 · Cited by 29
A typology of systematic reviews for synthesising evidence on health care
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“For the synthesis of evaluation results, a best fit frameworks is established [65,69-73] or a simulations model is selected [74].”
MethodComplex interventions and their implications for systematic reviews: A pragmatic approach
Petticrew, M. P., Anderson, L. M., Elder, R. W., Grimshaw, J., Hopkins, D. P., Hahn, R. A., Krause, L. K., Kristjansson, E., Mercer, S. L., Sipe, T., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.01.004 · Cited by 34
Cooper, S., Schmidt, B., Sambala, E. Z., Swartz, A., Colvin, C. J., Leon, N., Betsch, C., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013265 · Cited by 29
Jones, D. J., di Martino, E., Bradley, S. H., Essang, B., Hemphill, S., Wright, J. M., Renzi, C., Surr, C., Clegg, A. P., & Neal, R. D. (2022) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2021.0655 · Cited by 29
Bunn, F., & Sworn, K. (2011) · Evidence & Policy · doi:10.1332/174426411x603434 · Cited by 27
“Lavis suggests that one way forward may be for researchers to produce reviews that can add to the international literature and that also include a locally adapted version (Lavis et al., 2005).”
BackgroundTaylor, K. P., Thompson, S., & Davis, R. (2010) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00551.x · Cited by 29
“Qualitative research was assessed for sampling methodology, quality of reporting, reliability/validity strategies and Indigenous perspectives.(10) Grey literature was assessed for quality of opinion, the ability to convince, authority of the source and indication of alternate views.”
MethodStrength of evidence in qualitative research
Jones, R. H. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.001 · Cited by 29
Synthesising Qualitative Research
Mays, N., & Pope, C. J. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119410867.ch11 · Cited by 29
Peterson, L.-K. N., Fairbanks, R. J. T., Hettinger, A. Z., & Shah, M. N. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02108.x · Cited by 28
“Qualitative studies are not only important as hypothesisgenerating preliminary investigations into an unknown area, but they can also be later integrated with subsequent quantitative work during systematic reviews of a topic.(9) The institution’s research subjects review board approved this study.”
BackgroundMeléndez‐Torres, G. J., Sutcliffe, K., Burchett, H., Rees, R. W., & Thomas, J. (2019) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1341 · Cited by 28
“Programs in which messaging matched children's views that fruits and vegetables were “tasty” were more successful than those that labeled fruits and vegetables as “nutritious,” a label that the synthesis of children's views suggested would not be popular.(9) Various synthesis devices for juxtaposing (rather than combi…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLearn to Read and Write Systematic Reviews: The Belgian Campbell Group
Hannes, K., Claes, L., & The Belgian Campbell Group (2007) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731507303106 · Cited by 28
“, 2002; Noyes & Popay, 2007) or to integrate results from qualitative research with results from trials in systematic reviews (DixonWoods et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2005; Thomas et al., 2004).”
ResultKelly, G. A., Blake, C. M., Power, C. K., O’Keeffe, D., & Fullen, B. M. (2011) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00092.x · Cited by 27
“The EPHPP quality assessment tool (Thomas test) has been identified as one of the most appropriate for assessing non-RCTs as well as RCTs (Deeks et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2004a).”
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“Framework synthesis is a meta-matrix based approach to synthesising data, structuring the process of reciprocal translation by setting a priori outcomes of interest (Dixon-Woods, 2011; Pope et al., 2000; Oliver et al., 2005; Thomas et al., 2004).”
MethodParry, M. J. E., Bjørnnes, A. K., Toupin‐April, K., Najam, A., Wells, D., Sivakumar, A., Richards, D. P., Ceroni, T., Park, M., Ellis, A. K., et al. (2020) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-020-00460-5 · Cited by 27
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“An integrative systematic review methodology was chosen to provide a comprehensive understanding of the healthcare problem and to support the inclusion of both qualitative and quantitative studies [40].”
Intentional rounding in acute adult healthcare settings: A systematic mixed‐method review
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Self-citationBaxter, S. K., Johnson, M., Clowes, M., O’Brien, D., Norman, P. E., Stavroulakis, T., Bianchi, S. M., Elliott, M., McDermott, C. J., & Hobson, E. (2019) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2019.1627372 · Cited by 26
“Therefore, narrative synthesis and thematic synthesis (10) were used to analyze and compare quantitative and qualitative data.”
MethodThe experience of living after ECT: a qualitative meta-synthesis
Wells, K., Hancock, N., & Honey, A. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1739244 · Cited by 28
“Thematic synthesis is a method in which reviewers draw together qualitative findings from included primary studies and thematically analyse pooled data to generate new insights (Hannes & Lockwood, 2011; Lipworth et al., 2009; Thomas & Harden, 2008; Thomas et al., 2004; Walsh & Downe, 2006).”
MethodRing, N., Jepson, R. G., Pinnock, H., Wilson, C., Hoskins, G., Wyke, S., & Sheikh, A. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-216 · Cited by 26
“Matrix mapping has previously been used to integrate controlled trials and qualitative studies in systematic reviews [17,18,30] as it enables these different sets of findings to be ‘juxtaposed’ [18].”
InfluentialBooth, A. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318808247 · Cited by 29
Coles, E., Themessl-Huber, M., & Freeman, R. (2012) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cys065 · Cited by 32
“It is possible that critical information is lost as a consequence of combining; however, in the process of synthesis we ensured that the emerging themes were ‘transferable across the different study contexts’ to ensure the fidelity of the information retrieval [46].”
BackgroundCare leavers’ involvement in research: An ethnographic case study on impact
Liabo, K. (2016) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325016649255 · Cited by 27
“While the notion of a systematic review as favouring randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) is fading as a result of ground-breaking methodological work in this field (Gough et al., 2012; Harden, 2006; Petticrew and Roberts, 2003; Thomas et al., 2004), systematic reviews remain associated with being a priori, protocol-dr…”
BackgroundCooper, S., Schmidt, B., Ryan, J., Leon, N., Mavundza, E. J., Burnett, R. J., Tanywe, A. C., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013430 · Cited by 28
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Address Accent-Related Communication Problems in Healthcare
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Contraception and women over 40 years of age: mixed‐method systematic review
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“The overarching synthesis in phase 4 was achieved by using a methodological framework for integrating qualitative and quantitative evidence; this enabled us to ask specific questions of the integrated dataset (Thomas et al. 2004, Oliver et al. 2005).”
MethodPhysicians’ Determinants for Sick-listing LBP Patients
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Applying mixed methods research at the synthesis level: An overview
Heyvaert, M., Maes, B., & Onghena, P. (2011) · Lirias · Cited by 24
What have we learned after ten years of systematic reviews in international development?
Waddington, H. S., Masset, E., & Jiménez, E. (2018) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2018.1441166 · Cited by 25
“…Knaap et al., 2008; Waddington et al., 2009; Anderson et al. 2011; Waddington et al. 2012; Snilstveit 2012; Kneale, Thomas, and Harris 2015; Maden et al. 2017; White 2018), as well as for multi-disciplinary working (for example, Thomas et al. 2004; Snilstveit 2012; Oliver et al. 2017; White 2018).”
BackgroundJones, D. J., di Martino, E., Bradley, S. H., Essang, B., Hemphill, S., Wright, J. M., Renzi, C., Surr, C., Clegg, A. P., de Wit, N. J., et al. (2021) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2021.0257 · Cited by 23
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Ethical dimensions of paediatric nursing: A rapid evidence assessment
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Moving From Randomized Controlled Trials to Mixed Methods Intervention Evaluations
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“An excellent example of this is described in Case Study 7, where an evidence synthesis of qualitative research focusing on diferent approaches to promoting healthy eating in children helped to explain the diferent efect sizes found in trials of healthy eating interventions (homas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBaxter, S. K., Blank, L., Preston, L. R., Squires, H., & Payne, N. (2011) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2011.556762 · Cited by 22
Out of the Mainstream: Low-Income, Lone Mothers’ Life Experiences and Perspectives on Heart Health
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“…qualitative data directly from populations for which health promotion initiatives are designed may produce more appropriate and effective ones (Thomas et al., 2004), otherwise “interventions are likely to be targeting factors that may be irrelevant for the target groups” (Emmons, 2000, p.…”
BackgroundA protocol for a systematic review of birth preparedness and complication readiness programs
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“Recent literature shows that, although challenging, there are ways to include qualitative studies in systematic reviews [20,22].”
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Integrating Qualitative Evidence in Practice Guideline Development
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A Procedure and Guidelines for Analyzing Groups of Software Engineering Replications
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“The aggregation of qualitative and quantitative results is discussed in [21], [108], [109].”
BackgroundPRN Medicines Management for Psychotropic Medicines in Long-Term Care Settings: A Systematic Review
Vaismoradi, M., Vizcaya-Moreno, M. F., Sletvold, H., & Jordan, S. E. (2019) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy7040157 · Cited by 21
“The integrative approach provided the opportunity to incorporate individuals’ understanding gained from qualitative studies with statistical data and present a more comprehensive image of the study phenomenon [34].”
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Self-citationBuilding environment to promote health
Ewing, R. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.032367 · Cited by 20
Baxter, S. K., Blank, L., Johnson, M., Everson-Hock, E., Woods, H. B., Goyder, E., Payne, N., & Mountain, G. A. (2016) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr04040 · Cited by 19
Hurley, M., Dickson, K., Walsh, N. E., Hauari, H., Grant, R., Cumming, J., & Oliver, S. R. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010842 · Cited by 17
Self-citationMcInnes, E., & Wimpenny, P. (2008) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1111/j.1744-1609.2008.00104.x · Cited by 18
“(3) There is congruity between the research methodology and”
BackgroundSynthesis of qualitative research and evidence-based nursing
Flemming, K. (2007) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2007.16.10.23510 · Cited by 18
Educational intervention for family caregivers of older adults with delirium: An integrative review
Lee, J., Yeom, I., Yoo, S., & Hong, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16816 · Cited by 17
Innovation Evaluation: Past and Current Models and a Framework for Infrastructure Projects
Maghsoudi, S., Duffield, C. F., & Wilson, D. (2015) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-07-04-2015-b005 · Cited by 17
Health, science, and complexity
Materia, E., & Baglio, G. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.030619 · Cited by 18
“15 Attention has also been placed on trials that are pragmatic, 12 including cluster randomised trials that take into account the population effect of interventions and for which an extension of the CONSORT statement has been released.”
BackgroundGavine, A. J., MacGillivray, S. A., Ross–Davie, M., Campbell, K., White, L., & Renfrew, M. J. (2018) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-017-0054-8 · Cited by 16
Staff Support and Supervision in Residential Youth Justice: An Australian Model
McNamara, P. M. (2010) · Residential Treatment for Children & Youth · doi:10.1080/0886571x.2010.501630 · Cited by 19
“Data has been analyzed, thematically, using a phenomenological-interpretive approach ( Thomas et al, 2004 ) and some discourse analysis ( Silverman, 2005 ).”
MethodKailemia, P. N., Lee, E. C., Taylor, C., & Renfrew, M. J. (2019) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101677 · Cited by 15
Chen, P., Yu, H., Lin, C., Guo, J., Elliott, J. R., Bleakney, A., & Jan, Y. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2313110 · Cited by 15
“the integration of quantitative and qualitative research followed a structured four-step process, as outlined by thomas and Harden [51,52]. initially, the summary and characteristics of the included studies were described, and data were categorized and quantified.”
Factors related to obesity and overweight among Black adolescent girls in the United States
Winkler, M. R., Bennett, G. G., & Brandon, D. (2016) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2016.1159267 · Cited by 20
Integrated Care for Older People: Methodological Issues in Conducting a Systematic Literature Review
Reed, J., Childs, S., Cook, G. A., Hall, A., & McCormack, B. G. (2007) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2007.00085.x · Cited by 15
Health services research: Is there anything to learn from mental health?
Thornicroft, G., & Rose, D. S. (2005) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/135581960501000101 · Cited by 15
Gillard, S., Adams, K., Edwards, C., Lucock, M. P., Miller, S., Simons, L., Kati, T., White, R., & Sarah, W. (2012) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-189 · Cited by 14
“In the second stage of the qualitative analysis we followed accepted principles of narrative data synthesis [40,41], identifying where: (a) triangulation across datasets enables qualitative data to be used to further elucidate quantitative analysis; (b) tensions between datasets articulates complexities in the finding…”
MethodWard, S. A., Bélanger, M. F., Donovan, D., Horsman, A. R., & Carrier, N. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0011-9 · Cited by 14
“Although the inclusion of non-experimental studies in systematic reviews is debated [25-27], the value of including data from these types of studies in reviews of health interventions is increasingly recognized [26,28].”
BackgroundRash, J. A., Buckley, N., Busse, J. W., Campbell, T. S., Corace, K., Cooper, L., Flusk, D., Iorio, A., Lavoie, K., Poulin, P. A., et al. (2018) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0858-7 · Cited by 14
“As per recommendations [74], the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and EvaluationConfidence in the Evidence from Qualitative Reviews (GRADE-CERQual) approach [80] will be used to assess confidence in synthesized qualitative results.”
MethodChirewa, B. M., & Wakhisi, A. S. (2019) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913919867356 · Cited by 14
Campbell, F., O'Neill, P. M., While, A., & McDonagh, J. E. R. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009794 · Cited by 14
Phillips, N., Maréchal, L., Ventura, B. A., & Cooper, J. J. (2024) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.11.04.05.2024 · Cited by 14
“Each data set was synthesized narratively (Thomas et al., 2004) to provide a textual description and analysis of combined findings.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Thomas, J., Harden, A., Oakley, A., Oliver, S., Sutcliffe, K., Rees, R., Brunton, G., & Kavanagh, J.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, James
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2004-04-22
- Volume
- 328
- Issue
- 7446
- Pages
- 1010-1012
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC404509
- OpenAlex
- W2015804289
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (acceptedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- fruit and vegetable intake, children, barriers and facilitators, dietary behavior, mixed methods synthesis, systematic review methodology
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Review Literature as Topic, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Biomedical Research
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