Efficacy and safety outcomes of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs in the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To summarise and compare the efficacy and safety of various oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and vitamin K antagonists) and antiplatelet agents (acetylsalicylic acid) for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism. DESIGN: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Literature search using Medline (1950 to present), Embase (1980 to present), and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials using the OVID interface. Publications from potentially relevant journals were also searched by hand. REVIEW METHODS: Randomised controlled trials of patients receiving anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, or placebo or observation for secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism. Selected outcomes were rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding. Two reviewers independently extracted data onto standardised forms. RESULTS: 12 articles met our inclusion criteria, with 11,999 patients evaluated for efficacy and 12,167 for safety. All treatments reduced the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Compared with placebo or observation, vitamin K antagonists at a standard adjusted dose (target international normalised ratio 2.0-3.0) showed the highest risk difference (odds ratio 0.07; 95% credible interval 0.03 to 0.15) and acetylsalicylic acid showed the lowest risk difference (0.65; 0.39 to 1.03). Risk of major bleeding was higher with a standard adjusted dose of vitamin K antagonists (5.24; 1.78 to 18.25) than with placebo or observation. Fatal recurrent venous thromboembolism and fatal bleeding were rare. Detailed subgroup and individual patient level data were not available. CONCLUSIONS: All oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents investigated in this analysis were associated with a reduced recurrence of venous thromboembolism compared with placebo or observation, although acetylsalicylic acid was associated with the lowest risk reduction. Vitamin K antagonists given at a standard adjusted dose was associated with the greatest risk reduction in recurrent venous thromboembolism, but also the greatest risk of major bleeding.
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The annual risk for major bleeding if anticoagulation is continued is estimated at 1.2%.
“the annual risk for major bleeding if treatment is continued is estimated at 1.2%,1”
From Long term risk of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment for first unprovoked venous thromboembolism event: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
In Results, Table 2 reports 1.2 more major bleeding episodes per 100 patients treated each year with low-intensity vitamin K antagonists, compared with placebo or observation. That is an annual excess risk for a specific anticoagulant regimen, not an estimated 1.2% annual risk for patients who continue anticoagulation generally. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter three to six months of initial anticoagulation, extended treatment is highly effective at reducing the risk of recurrent VTE, but this clinical benefit is not maintained when anticoagulation is stopped.
“After three to six months of initial anticoagulation, extended treatment is highly effective at reducing the risk of recurrent VTE,1 but this clinical benefit is not maintained when anticoagulation is stopped.2”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Castellucci, L. A., Cameron, C., Le Gal, G., Rodger, M. A., Coyle, D., Wells, P. S., Clifford, T., Gandara, E., Wells, G., & Carrier, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Canada's Drug Agency (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Carrier, M.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-08-30
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- aug30 1
- Pages
- f5133-f5133
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3758108
- OpenAlex
- W2007680892
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- University of Ottawa
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Keywords
- venous thromboembolism, secondary prevention, oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, vitamin K antagonists, aspirin, recurrent venous thromboembolism, major bleeding, direct oral anticoagulants
- MeSH terms
- Rivaroxaban, Dabigatran, Anticoagulants, Aspirin, Benzimidazoles, Hemorrhage, Humans, Morpholines, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Pyrazoles, Pyridones, Recurrence, Thiophenes, Vitamin K, beta-Alanine, Venous Thromboembolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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