Cited by 1,812Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsDelphi Technique in ResearchClinical practice guidelines implementation

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A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis

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Puhan, M. A., Schunemann, H. J., Murad, M. H., Li, T., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Singh, J. A., Kessels, A. G., Guyatt, G. H., for the GRADE Working Group·2014·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.g5630

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Abstract

Network meta-analysis (NMA), combining direct and indirect comparisons, is increasingly being used to examine the comparative effectiveness of medical interventions. Minimal guidance exists on how to rate the quality of evidence supporting treatment effect estimates obtained from NMA. We present a four-step approach to rate the quality of evidence in each of the direct, indirect, and NMA estimates based on methods developed by the GRADE working group. Using an example of a published NMA, we show that the quality of evidence supporting NMA estimates varies from high to very low across comparisons, and that quality ratings given to a whole network are uninformative and likely to mislead.

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GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence
Balshem, H., Helfand, M., Schünemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Vist, G. E., Falck-Ytter, Y., Meerpohl, J., & Norris, S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 · Cited by 8,285
Self-citation
GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Schünemann, H. J., Tugwell, P., & Knottnerus, A. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011 · Cited by 3,094
Self-citation
GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias)
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Montori, V., Akl, E. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Falck-Ytter, Y. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017 · Cited by 2,798
Self-citation
GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence—imprecision
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Rind, D., Devereaux, P. J., Montori, V. M., Freyschuss, B., Vist, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012 · Cited by 2,693
Self-citation
Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis
Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Caldwell, D. M., & Ades, A. E. (2010) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3767 · Cited by 2,521
Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA
Chaimani, A., Higgins, J. P. T., Mavridis, D., Spyridonos, P., & Salanti, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076654 · Cited by 2,473
GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence—inconsistency
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Woodcock, J., Brozek, J., Helfand, M., Alonso-Coello, P., Glasziou, P., Jaeschke, R., Akl, E. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017 · Cited by 2,320
Self-citation
Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons
Lu, G., & Ades, A. E. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1875 · Cited by 2,172
Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies
Higgins, J. P. T., Jackson, D., Barrett, J. K., Lu, G., Ades, A. E., & White, I. R. (2012) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1044 · Cited by 2,098
GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence—indirectness
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Woodcock, J., Brozek, J., Helfand, M., Alonso-Coello, P., Falck-Ytter, Y., Jaeschke, R., Vist, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014 · Cited by 1,843
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“Four studies provided data on the lesion-specific clearance rate for an NMA (Figure 3c) (ALA-AK-CT010, personal communication; Kaufmann et al., 2008; Sotiriou et al., 2009; Szeimies et al., 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Reporting of Cochrane systematic review protocols with network meta‐analyses—A scoping review
Wang, R., Dwan, K. M., Showell, M. G., van Wely, M., Mol, B. W., Askie, L. M., & Seidler, A. L. (2021) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1531 · Cited by 12
The 12- and 24-Month Effects of Intravitreal Ranibizumab, Aflibercept, and Bevacizumab on Intraocular Pressure
Nanji, K., Sarohia, G. S., Kennedy, K., Ceyhan, T., McKechnie, T., Phillips, M., Devji, T., Thabane, L., Kaiser, P. K., Sarraf, D., et al. (2021) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.024 · Cited by 13
Effectiveness of local hemostatic to prevent bleeding in dental patients on anticoagulation: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Moreno-Drada, J. A., Abreu, L. G., Lino, P. A., Martins, M. A. P., Pordeus, I. A., & de Abreu, M. H. N. G. (2021) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2021.04.014 · Cited by 12
Amino acids for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Wang, X., Sadeghirad, B., Morgan, R. L., Zeratkaar, D., Chang, Y., Crandon, H. N., Couban, R., Foroutan, F., & Flórez, I. D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21318-w · Cited by 12
Treatment Efficacy of Pharmacotherapies for Frontotemporal Dementia: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Huang, M., Zeng, B., Tseng, P., Hsu, C.-W., Wu, Y., Tu, Y., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Liang, C., Chen, T., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.06.013 · Cited by 16
Outpatient cervical ripening and labor induction with low-dose vaginal misoprostol reduces the interval to delivery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Vilchez, G., Meislin, R., Lin, L., Gonzalez, K., McKinney, J. A., Kaunitz, A. M., Stone, J. L., & Sanchez‐Ramos, L. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.09.043 · Cited by 12
Comparative effect of different patient education modalities on quality of life in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Martínez-Miranda, P., Jiménez‐Rejano, J., Rosales‐Tristancho, A., & Casuso-Holgado, M. J. (2023) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2023.102411 · Cited by 12
The effect of sham acupuncture can differ depending on the points needled in knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Lee, B., Kwon, C., Lee, H. W., Nielsen, A., Wieland, L. S., Kim, T., Birch, S., Alræk, T., & Lee, M. S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25650 · Cited by 13
“The certainty of evidence of NMA findings was assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method [11,12].”
Method
Beyond traditional therapies: a network meta-analysis on the treatment efficacy for chronic phantom limb pain
Chung, S.-M., Wang, J.-C., Lin, C., Liu, S.-C., Wu, P., Kuan, F., Fang, C., Tu, Y., Hsu, K., Lai, P., et al. (2024) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2023-105104 · Cited by 13
Non-Opioid Analgesics and Adjuvants after Surgery in Adults with Obesity: Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Carron, M., Tamburini, E., Linassi, F., Pettenuzzo, T., Boscolo, A., & Navalesi, P. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13072100 · Cited by 12
Characteristics associated with effectiveness in postoperative delirium research: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials with meta-regression and meta-analysis
Meng, L., Zhao, X., Sun, Y., Cheng, S., Bao, L., Fang, K., Yu, Q. Z., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., Luo, M., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.05.033 · Cited by 12
Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people, stratified by frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Crocker, T. F., Lam, N., Ensor, J., Jordão, M., Bajpai, R. C., Bond, M., Förster, A., Riley, R. D., Andre, D., Brundle, C., et al. (2023) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hnrp2514 · Cited by 13
Management of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials
Khalili, M., Sadeghirad, B., Bach, P., Crabtree, A., Javadi, S., Sadeghi, E., Moradi, S., Fashami, F. M., Nakhaeizadeh, M., Salehi, S., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01379-w · Cited by 15
“We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of evidence for direct, indirect, and network estimates across all outcomes (Brignardello-Petersen et al., 2018; Puhan et al., 2014).”
Comparative efficacy of different bowel preparations for colonoscopy: A network meta-analysis.
Maida, M. F., Marasco, G., Fuccio, L., Vitello, A., Mocciaro, F., Amata, M., Fabbri, A., Mitri, R. D., Vassallo, R., Ramai, D., et al. (2024) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2024.11.019 · Cited by 12
Interventions for the management of post-COVID-19 condition (long COVID): protocol for a living systematic review and network meta-analysis
Zeraatkar, D., Ling, M., Kirsh, S., Jassal, T., Pitre, T., Chakraborty, S. P., Turner, T., Turkstra, L. S., McIntyre, R. S., Izcovich, A., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086407 · Cited by 15
Comparative effectiveness of resilience-related interventions on resilience and stress for healthcare professionals: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Janitra, F. E., Chen, R., Sung, C., Wang, C., Wibawa, Y. A., Banda, K. J., Chiang, K., & Chou, K. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105151 · Cited by 12
Comparison of different treatments for lumbar disc herniation: a network meta-analysis and systematic review
Song, K., Liang, J., Zhang, M., Cai, S., Wang, Y., & Wu, W. (2025) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-025-02992-9 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) [15] approach was tailored for network meta-analysis and used to appraise the overall certainty of the evidence regarding each outcome (Supplementary Table 2).”
Treatment for gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: a network meta-analysis
Walter, M. A., Nesti, C., Spanjol, M., Kollár, A., Bütikofer, L., Gloy, V., Dumont, R. A., Seiler, C. A., Christ, E., Radojewski, P., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013700.pub2 · Cited by 12
Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation in healthy adults: A network meta-analysis
Mishra, A., Maiti, R., Mishra, B. R., & Jena, M. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105478 · Cited by 14
Methodological review to develop a list of bias items used to assess reviews incorporating network meta-analysis: protocol and rationale
Lunny, C., Tricco, A. C., Veroniki, A. A., Dias, S., Hutton, B., Salanti, G., Wright, J. M., White, I. R., & Whiting, P. F. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045987 · Cited by 13
Erectile Function Following Surgery for Benign Prostatic Obstruction: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Light, A., Jabarkhyl, D., Gilling, P. J., George, G., Hemelrijck, M. V., Challacombe, B. J., Malde, S., Popert, R., Prokar Dasgupta, A., & Elhage, O. (2021) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2021.04.012 · Cited by 12
Intravenous iron versus oral iron versus no iron with or without erythropoiesis- stimulating agents (ESA) for cancer patients with anaemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Adams, A., Scheckel, B., Habsaoui, A., Haque, M., Kuhr, K., Monsef, I., Bohlius, J., & Skoetz, N. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012633.pub2 · Cited by 12
Comparative Effectiveness of East Asian Traditional Medicine for Childhood Simple Obesity: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
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“, NMA) effect estimates derived for our primary and secondary outcomes was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach [20].”
Method
Pharmacotherapeutic efficacy on noninvasive fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Kovalic, A. J., Gozar, M., Da, B. L., Bernstein, D., & Satapathy, S. K. (2022) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002463 · Cited by 13
Effects of opioids administered via intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia after caesarean section: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Chang, C., Tu, Y., Kao, M., Shih, P.-C., Su, I.-M., Lin, H., Chien, Y.-J., Wu, M., Chen, C., & Chen, C.-T. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101787 · Cited by 12
Network meta‐analysis and systematic review comparing efficacy and safety between very high power short duration, high power short duration, and conventional radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation
Tokavanich, N., Prasitlumkum, N., Kewcharoen, J., Chokesuwattanaskul, R., Phannajit, J., Cheungpasitporn, W., AKOUM, N. W., Ranjan, R., Bunch, T. J., & Navaravong, L. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.15831 · Cited by 12
“The quality of treatment effects estimation was rated according to a GRADE working group approach.(21) Brooks–Gelman Rubin diagnostic was performed to assess the convergence of models(22) (Online Supporting Information Data S2, S5, and S9).”
Method
Comparative efficacy and optimal duration of first-line antibiotic regimens for acute otitis media in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 89 randomized clinical trials
Kim, M. S., Kim, J. H., Ryu, S., Lee, S. W., Yon, D. K., Kim, E. Y., Koyanagi, A., Dragioti, E., Shin, J. I., & Smith, L. (2023) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-023-00716-8 · Cited by 12
“To evaluate the certainty of the evidence, we applied the Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Developments, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach [15].”
Restricted Versus Liberal Versus Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy for Non-vascular Abdominal Surgery: A Network Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Yang, T. X., Tan, A. Y., Leung, W. H., Chong, D., & Chow, Y. F. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38238 · Cited by 12
“The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines were used to assess the quality of evidence of each network [27].”
Method
Endovenous ablation and surgery in great saphenous vein reflux: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials protocol
Siribumrungwong, B., Srikuea, K., Orrapin, S., Benyakorn, T., Rerkasem, K., & Thakkinstian, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024813 · Cited by 12
“Grading evidence Quality of evidence will be graded separately for each outcome using a tool suggested by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group.(34) Five domains will be assessed including study limitations, consistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bi…”
Comparison of ventilatory modes to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Lewis, K. A., Chaudhuri, D., Guyatt, G. H., Burns, K. E. A., Bosma, K. J., Ge, L., Karachi, T., Piraino, T., Fernando, S. M., Ranganath, N., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030407 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Fragility index of network meta-analysis with application to smoking cessation data
Xing, A., Chu, H., & Lin, L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.07.003 · Cited by 12
“Different sources of evidence may have different extents of credibility [74, 75]; event status modifications in comparisons from difference sources of evidence may not have an equivalent role.”
Background
Antiviral Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infection in Clinical Oncology: A Network Meta-Analysis
Al-Zoobaee, F. W. A., Loo, Y. S., Veettil, S. K., Gopinath, D., Maharajan, M. K., & Menon, R. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238891 · Cited by 12
“Additionally, to assess the degree of confidence or certainty of our findings, we used the GRADE approach, which is the most recommended approach for the evolution of strength of evidence [77].”
Method
Effectiveness of nurse-led peri-discharge interventions for reducing 30-day hospital readmissions: Network meta-analysis
Wong, C. H. L., Cheung, W. K. W., Zhong, C. C., Yeoh, E., Hung, C. T., Yip, B. H. K., Wong, E. L., Wong, S. Y. S., & Chung, V. C. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103904 · Cited by 12
Pharmacological treatments of Chinese herbal medicine for irritable bowel syndrome in adults: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Wu, Y., Dai, Y., Zhang, L., Pan, H.-G., Chen, W., Li, R., & Hu, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255665 · Cited by 14
Cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular dementia and other vascular cognitive impairments: a network meta-analysis
Battle, C. E., Abdul‐Rahim, A. H., Shenkin, S. D., Hewitt, J., & Quinn, T. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013306 · Cited by 12
Intraoperative imaging technology to maximise extent of resection for glioma: a network meta-analysis
Fountain, D. M., Jenkinson, M. D., Bryant, A., Vale, L. D., Bulbeck, H., Hart, M. G., & Barone, D. G. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013630 · Cited by 12
Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Randomized Control Trials in the Pre-Delta Era: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Oh, S., Purja, S., Shin, H., Kim, M. S., Park, S., Kronbichler, A., Smith, L., Eisenhut, M., Shin, J. I., & Kim, E. Y. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101572 · Cited by 12
Treatment of severe covid-19 with interleukin 6 receptor inhibition
Rajasundaram, S., Burgess, S., & Gill, D. (2022) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000144 · Cited by 12
Effectiveness of five interventions used for prevention of gestational diabetes: A network meta-analysis.
Tang, Q., Zhong, Y., Xu, C., Li, W., Wang, H., & Hou, Y. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000029126 · Cited by 11
“Finally, we appraisedthequalityofevidenceforalloutcomesusingaframework designed explicitly by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,andEvaluationworkinggroupfor randomized studies in the context of a network meta-analysis.([15])”
Method
The efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in the treatment of uncontrolled asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Lin, F., Yu, B., Deng, B., & He, R. X. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034746 · Cited by 11
“The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool.[14] The risk of bias in each included study was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration bias assessment tool.”
Method
Treatment of diabetic kidney disease. A network meta-analysis
Büttner, F., Barbosa, C. V., Lang, H., Tian, Z., Melk, A., & Schmidt, B. M. W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293183 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, we rated the quality of evidence of each pairwise comparison according to GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) [12].”
Efficacy and safety of mind-body exercise for patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, J., Li, X., Yang, F., Guo, P., Ren, C., Duan, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-024-05072-5 · Cited by 11
“The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was employed to evaluate the quality of evidence for the outcomes in the meta-analysis [40].”
Method

Authors: Puhan, M. A., Schunemann, H. J., Murad, M. H., Li, T., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Singh, J. A., Kessels, A. G., Guyatt, G. H., & for the GRADE Working Group
Affiliations: University of Zurich (CH)
Mayo Clinic (US)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
University of Alabama (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
McMaster University (CA)
Corresponding author: Puhan, M. A.
ORCID: Puhan, M. A.
Murad, M. H.
Li, T.
Singh, J. A.
Guyatt, G. H.
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2014-09-24
Volume: 349
Issue: sep24 5
Pages: g5630-g5630
ISSN: 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g5630
OpenAlex: W2155798268
Cited by: 1,812
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 160 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 216 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 276 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 57.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2015-06-17)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Keywords: network meta-analysis, quality of evidence, GRADE, treatment effect estimates, comparative effectiveness
MeSH terms: Humans, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Guideline Adherence

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A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis

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