Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health

In the paper

“Randomised controlled trials have shown that higher production of SCFAs correlates with lower diet-induced obesity21 and with reduced insulin resistance.22”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Lin HV Frassetto A Kowalik EJ Jr Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 2012; 7: e35240. 10.1371/journal.pone.0035240 22506074 PMC3323649

In the paper

“Randomised controlled trials have shown that higher production of SCFAs correlates with lower diet-induced obesity21 and with reduced insulin resistance.22”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Zhao L Zhang F Ding X Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes. Science 2018; 359: 1151- 6. 10.1126/science.aao5774 29590046

In the paper

“This fermentation supports the growth of specialist microbes that produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gases.17”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Wong JM de Souza R Kendall CW Emam A Jenkins DJ Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 235- 43. 10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015 16633129

In the paper

“The gut microbiota provides essential capacities for the fermentation of non-digestible substrates like dietary fibres and endogenous intestinal mucus.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Wong JM de Souza R Kendall CW Emam A Jenkins DJ Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 235- 43. 10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015 16633129

In the paper

“The major SCFAs produced are acetate, propionate, and butyrate.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Wong JM de Souza R Kendall CW Emam A Jenkins DJ Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 235- 43. 10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015 16633129

In the paper

“Butyrate is the main energy source for human colonocytes, can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and can activate intestinal gluconeogenesis, having beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis.18”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] De Vadder F Kovatcheva-Datchary P Goncalves D Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell 2014; 156: 84- 96. 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016 24412651

In the paper

“Butyrate is the main energy source for human colonocytes, can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and can activate intestinal gluconeogenesis, having beneficial effects on glucose and energy homeostasis.18”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] De Vadder F Kovatcheva-Datchary P Goncalves D Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell 2014; 156: 84- 96. 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016 24412651

In the paper

“Propionate is transferred to the liver, where it regulates gluconeogenesis and satiety signalling through interaction with the gut fatty acid receptors 18”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] De Vadder F Kovatcheva-Datchary P Goncalves D Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell 2014; 156: 84- 96. 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016 24412651

In the paper

“Gut microbes are key to many aspects of human health including immune,6 metabolic5 and neurobehavioural traits (fig 1).7 8”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] Zhang H Sparks JB Karyala SV Settlage R Luo XM Host adaptive immunity alters gut microbiota. ISME J 2015; 9: 770- 81. 10.1038/ismej.2014.165 25216087 PMC4331585
• Not checked yetcites [5] Rothschild D Weissbrod O Barkan E Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature 2018; 555: 210- 5. 10.1038/nature25973 29489753
• Not checked yetcites [7] Hakansson A Molin G Gut microbiota and inflammation. Nutrients 2011; 3: 637- 82. 10.3390/nu3060637 22254115 PMC3257638

In the paper

“Gut microbiota dysbiosis probably promotes diet induced obesity and metabolic complications by a variety of mechanisms including immune dysregulation, altered energy regulation, altered gut hormone regulation, and proinflammatory mechanisms (such as lipopolysaccharide endotoxins crossing the gut barrier and entering the portal circulation29 30; fig 1 ).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Gäbele E Dostert K Hofmann C DSS induced colitis increases portal LPS levels and enhances hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis in experimental NASH. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 1391- 9. 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.035 21703208
• Not checked yetcites [30] Baothman OA Zamzami MA Taher I Abubaker J Abu-Farha M The role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15: 108. 10.1186/s12944-016-0278-4 27317359 PMC4912704

In the paper

“Rats given sucralose for 12 weeks had significantly higher proportions of Bacteroides, Clostridia, and total aerobic bacteria in their guts and a significantly higher faecal pH than those without sucralose.47”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Abou-Donia MB El-Masry EM Abdel-Rahman AA McLendon RE Schiffman SS Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008; 71: 1415- 29. 10.1080/15287390802328630 18800291

In the paper

“Gut microbial enzymes contribute to bile acid metabolism, generating unconjugated and secondary bile acids that act as signalling molecules and metabolic regulators to influence important host pathways.23”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Long SL Gahan CGM Joyce SA Interactions between gut bacteria and bile in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56: 54- 65. 10.1016/j.mam.2017.06.002 28602676

In the paper

“Mice fed relatively low concentrations of two commonly used emulsifiers—carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate-80—showed reduced microbial diversity compared with mice not fed with emulsifiers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Chassaing B Koren O Goodrich JK Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2015; 519: 92- 6. 10.1038/nature14232 25731162 PMC4910713

In the paper

“Despite being “generally recognised as safe” by regulatory agencies, some animal studies have shown that these sugar substitutes may have negative effects on the gut microbiota.46”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Nettleton JE Reimer RA Shearer J Reshaping the gut microbiota: Impact of low calorie sweeteners and the link to insulin resistance? Physiol Behav 2016; 164(Pt B): 488- 93. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.029 27090230

In the paper

“In Crohn’s disease smokers have even lower gut microbiome diversity.39”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [39] Opstelten JL Plassais J van Mil SW Gut microbial diversity is reduced in smokers with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 2070- 7. 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000875 27542127 PMC4991341

In the paper

“This microbe and others such as Akkermansia correlate with lower visceral fat deposits.12”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Beaumont M Goodrich JK Jackson MA Heritable components of the human fecal microbiome are associated with visceral fat. Genome Biol 2016; 17: 189. 10.1186/s13059-016-1052-7 27666579 PMC5036307

In the paper

“Sucralose, aspartame, and saccharin have been shown to disrupt the balance and diversity of gut microbiota.46”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Nettleton JE Reimer RA Shearer J Reshaping the gut microbiota: Impact of low calorie sweeteners and the link to insulin resistance? Physiol Behav 2016; 164(Pt B): 488- 93. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.029 27090230

In the paper

“Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary fibre intake25 and has potent radical scavenging activity in vitro,26 which seems to reduce the risk of incidence of type 2 diabetes.25”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Chyan YJ Poeggeler B Omar RA Potent neuroprotective properties against the Alzheimer beta-amyloid by an endogenous melatonin-related indole structure, indole-3-propionic acid. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 21937- 42. 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21937 10419516

In the paper

“Lower bacterial diversity has been reproducibly observed in people with inflammatory bowel disease,31 psoriatic arthritis,32 type 1 diabetes,33 atopic eczema,34 coeliac disease,35 obesity,36 type 2 diabetes,37 and arterial stiffness,38 than in healthy controls.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Manichanh C Rigottier-Gois L Bonnaud E Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 2006; 55: 205- 11. 10.1136/gut.2005.073817 16188921 PMC1856500
• Not checked yetcites [32] Scher JU Ubeda C Artacho A Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67: 128- 39. 10.1002/art.38892 25319745 PMC4280348
• Not checked yetcites [33] de Goffau MC Luopajärvi K Knip M Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without. Diabetes 2013; 62: 1238- 44. 10.2337/db12-0526 23274889 PMC3609581

In the paper

“The gut microbiota seems to play a role in the development and progression of obesity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Manichanh C Rigottier-Gois L Bonnaud E Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 2006; 55: 205- 11. 10.1136/gut.2005.073817 16188921 PMC1856500
• Not checked yetcites [32] Scher JU Ubeda C Artacho A Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67: 128- 39. 10.1002/art.38892 25319745 PMC4280348
• Not checked yetcites [33] de Goffau MC Luopajärvi K Knip M Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without. Diabetes 2013; 62: 1238- 44. 10.2337/db12-0526 23274889 PMC3609581
• Not checked yetcites [34] Wang M Karlsson C Olsson C Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 129- 34. 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.011 18028995
• Not checked yetcites [35] Schippa S Iebba V Barbato M A distinctive ‘microbial signature’ in celiac pediatric patients. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10: 175. 10.1186/1471-2180-10-175 20565734 PMC2906462
• Not checked yetcites [36] Turnbaugh PJ Hamady M Yatsunenko T A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009; 457: 480- 4. 10.1038/nature07540 19043404 PMC2677729
• Not checked yetcites [37] Lambeth SM Carson T Lowe J Composition, diversity and abundance of gut microbiome in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Obes 2015; 2: 1- 7. 26756039 PMC4705851
• Not checked yetcites [38] Menni C Lin C Cecelja M Gut microbial diversity is associated with lower arterial stiffness in women. Eur Heart J 2018; •••: 39. 29750272 PMC6030944
• Not checked yetcites [39] Opstelten JL Plassais J van Mil SW Gut microbial diversity is reduced in smokers with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 2070- 7. 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000875 27542127 PMC4991341

In the paper

“Most studies of overweight and obese people show a dysbiosis characterised by a lower diversity.31-39”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Manichanh C Rigottier-Gois L Bonnaud E Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 2006; 55: 205- 11. 10.1136/gut.2005.073817 16188921 PMC1856500
• Not checked yetcites [32] Scher JU Ubeda C Artacho A Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67: 128- 39. 10.1002/art.38892 25319745 PMC4280348
• Not checked yetcites [33] de Goffau MC Luopajärvi K Knip M Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without. Diabetes 2013; 62: 1238- 44. 10.2337/db12-0526 23274889 PMC3609581
• Not checked yetcites [34] Wang M Karlsson C Olsson C Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 129- 34. 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.011 18028995
• Not checked yetcites [35] Schippa S Iebba V Barbato M A distinctive ‘microbial signature’ in celiac pediatric patients. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10: 175. 10.1186/1471-2180-10-175 20565734 PMC2906462
• Not checked yetcites [36] Turnbaugh PJ Hamady M Yatsunenko T A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009; 457: 480- 4. 10.1038/nature07540 19043404 PMC2677729
• Not checked yetcites [37] Lambeth SM Carson T Lowe J Composition, diversity and abundance of gut microbiome in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Obes 2015; 2: 1- 7. 26756039 PMC4705851
• Not checked yetcites [38] Menni C Lin C Cecelja M Gut microbial diversity is associated with lower arterial stiffness in women. Eur Heart J 2018; •••: 39. 29750272 PMC6030944
• Not checked yetcites [39] Opstelten JL Plassais J van Mil SW Gut microbial diversity is reduced in smokers with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 2070- 7. 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000875 27542127 PMC4991341

In the paper

“Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary fibre intake25 and has potent radical scavenging activity in vitro,26 which seems to reduce the risk of incidence of type 2 diabetes.25”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] de Mello VD Paananen J Lindström J Indolepropionic acid and novel lipid metabolites are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 46337. 10.1038/srep46337 28397877 PMC5387722

In the paper

“Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary fibre intake25 and has potent radical scavenging activity in vitro,26 which seems to reduce the risk of incidence of type 2 diabetes.25”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] de Mello VD Paananen J Lindström J Indolepropionic acid and novel lipid metabolites are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 46337. 10.1038/srep46337 28397877 PMC5387722

In the paper

“Germ-free mice that receive faecal microbes from obese humans gain more weight than mice that receive microbes from healthy weight humans.4”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Goodrich JK Waters JL Poole AC Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell 2014; 159: 789- 99. 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053 25417156 PMC4255478

In the paper

“Food additives, such as emulsifiers, which are ubiquitous in processed foods, have also been shown to affect the gut microbiota in animals.49”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Chassaing B Koren O Goodrich JK Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2015; 519: 92- 6. 10.1038/nature14232 25731162 PMC4910713

In the paper

“For example, transplanting faeces from a lean healthy donor (allogeneic) to recipients with metabolic syndrome resulted in better insulin sensitivity, accompanied by altered microbiota composition, than using autologous faeces.45”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] Kootte RS, Levin E, Salojarvi J, et al. Improvement of insulin sensitivity after lean donor feces in metabolic syndrome is driven by baseline intestinal microbiota composition. Cell metabolism. 2017; 26: 611-9 e6. 28978426

In the paper

“Consequently, diversity seems to be a generally good indicator of a “healthy gut.”40 41”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Sommer F Rühlemann MC Bang C Microbiomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases: caveats come with caviar. Gut 2017; 66: 1734- 8. 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313678 28733278 PMC5595102
• Not checked yetcites [41] Sommer F Anderson JM Bharti R Raes J Rosenstiel P The resilience of the intestinal microbiota influences health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15: 630- 8. 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.58 28626231

In the paper

“The functional role of the gut microbiome in humans has been shown using faecal microbiota transplantation.42”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] DeFilipp Z Peled JU Li S Third-party fecal microbiota transplantation following allo-HCT reconstitutes microbiome diversity. Blood Adv 2018; 2: 745- 53. 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018017731 29592876 PMC5894265

In the paper

“The low FODMAP diet has been shown in six randomised controlled trials to reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.55 56”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Halmos EP When the low FODMAP diet does not work. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32(Suppl 1): 69- 72. 10.1111/jgh.13701 28244666
• Not checked yetcites [56] Gibson PR The evidence base for efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: is it ready for prime time as a first-line therapy? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32(Suppl 1): 32- 5. 10.1111/jgh.13693 28244668

In the paper

“Animal and in vitro studies indicate that gluten-free bread reduces the microbiota dysbiosis seen in people with gluten sensitivity or coeliac disease.51 52”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Mohan M Chow CT Ryan CN Dietary gluten-induced gut dysbiosis is accompanied by selective upregulation of microRNAs with intestinal tight junction and bacteria-binding motifs in rhesus macaque model of celiac disease. Nutrients 2016; 8: 8. 10.3390/nu8110684 27801835 PMC5133072
• Not checked yetcites [52] Bevilacqua A Costabile A Bergillos-Meca T Impact of gluten-friendly bread on the metabolism and function of in vitro gut microbiota in healthy human and coeliac subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0162770. 10.1371/journal.pone.0162770 27632361 PMC5025162

In the paper

“In addition to diet, medication is a key modulator of the gut microbiota composition.”

In the paper

“Thus, microbiota accessible carbohydrates provide a potential strategy to enhance useful minority members of the microbiome.”

In the paper

“A subset of dietary fibre sources is fermentable, which means that they serve as growth substrates for microbes in the distal bowel.70”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Deehan EC Duar RM Armet AM Perez-Muñoz ME Jin M Walter J Modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome with nondigestible fermentable carbohydrates to Improve human health. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5: 5. 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0019-2017 28936943 PMC11687544

In the paper

“The microbes in our gut influence and human energy metabolism22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Zhao L Zhang F Ding X Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes. Science 2018; 359: 1151- 6. 10.1126/science.aao5774 29590046
• Not checked yetcites [23] Long SL Gahan CGM Joyce SA Interactions between gut bacteria and bile in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56: 54- 65. 10.1016/j.mam.2017.06.002 28602676
• Not checked yetcites [24] Tang WH Wang Z Levison BS Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1575- 84. 10.1056/NEJMoa1109400 23614584 PMC3701945

In the paper

“Another study comparing extreme shifts between plant and animal protein based diets showed these changes after only five days.67”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] David LA Maurice CF Carmody RN Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014; 505: 559- 63. 10.1038/nature12820 24336217 PMC3957428

In the paper

“Moreover, animal experiments have shown the protective effects of phytoestrogens on breast cancer depend on the presence of gut microbes (such as Clostridium saccharogumia, Eggerthella lenta, Blautia producta, and Lactonifactor longoviformis) that can transform isoflavones into the bioactive compounds.65”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Spanogiannopoulos P Bess EN Carmody RN Turnbaugh PJ The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14: 273- 87. 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17 26972811 PMC5243131

In the paper

“Several observational human studies as well as many rodent studies have pointed to an obesogenic effect of antibiotics in humans even in tiny doses found in food.61”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Blaser MJ Antibiotic use and its consequences for the normal microbiome. Science 2016; 352: 544- 5. 10.1126/science.aad9358 27126037 PMC4939477

In the paper

“A large proportion of antibiotic use in many countries is for agriculture—particularly intensive farming of poultry and beef.61”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [61] Blaser MJ Antibiotic use and its consequences for the normal microbiome. Science 2016; 352: 544- 5. 10.1126/science.aad9358 27126037 PMC4939477

In the paper

“Consuming resistant starches has been shown to enrich specific bacterial groups (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Ruminococcus bromii, and Eubacterium rectale) in some people.74 75”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Venkataraman A Sieber JR Schmidt AW Waldron C Theis KR Schmidt TM Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch. Microbiome 2016; 4: 33. 10.1186/s40168-016-0178-x 27357127 PMC4928258
• Not checked yetcites [75] Martínez I Kim J Duffy PR Schlegel VL Walter J Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS One 2010; 5: e15046. 10.1371/journal.pone.0015046 21151493 PMC2993935

In the paper

“The effect of microbiota accessible carbohydrates on the gastrointestinal microbiome composition can be substantial, with specific species becoming enriched to constitute more than 30% of the faecal microbiota.75 77”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [75] Martínez I Kim J Duffy PR Schlegel VL Walter J Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS One 2010; 5: e15046. 10.1371/journal.pone.0015046 21151493 PMC2993935
• Not checked yetcites [77] Walker AW Ince J Duncan SH Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J 2011; 5: 220- 30. 10.1038/ismej.2010.118 20686513 PMC3105703

In the paper

“Together these data support a greater role for diet influencing the bacterial derived metabolome than just the short term bacterial community.50”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [50] Wu GD Compher C Chen EZ Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. Gut 2016; 65: 63- 72. 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308209 25431456 PMC4583329

In the paper

“Insufficient clinical evidence exists to draw clear conclusions or recommendations for these or other dietary preferences based on gut microbiota.”

In the paper

“Microbiota composition influences response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy96”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Hakim H Dallas R Wolf J Gut microbiome composition predicts infection risk during chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 2018 10.1093/cid/ciy153. PMC6070042 29518185

In the paper

“A large Dutch-Belgian population study showed that drugs (including osmotic laxatives, progesterone, TNF-α inhibitors and rupatadine) had the largest explanatory power on microbiota composition (10% of community variation).13”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Falony G Joossens M Vieira-Silva S Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science 2016; 352: 560- 4. 10.1126/science.aad3503 27126039

In the paper

“This is becoming clear in patients with cancer treated with immunochemotherapy, bone marrow recipients, and patients with autoimmune disorders on biologics, where small changes in their microbiota can cause major changes in their response.64”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Alexander JL Wilson ID Teare J Marchesi JR Nicholson JK Kinross JM Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14: 356- 65. 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.20 28270698

In the paper

“In a follow-up double blinded randomised crossover trial of 26 participants, personalised dietary interventions based on the algorithm successfully normalised blood glucose levels.94”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] Zeevi D Korem T Zmora N Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 2015; 163: 1079- 94. 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001 26590418

In the paper

“Probiotics increased the rate of short term clinical cure (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24, low quality evidence)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Xie et al (2018)131

In the paper

“- Targeting the gut microbiome, with probiotics or dietary fibre, benefits human health and could potentially reduce obesity”

In the paper

“Considerable observational evidence shows that fibre intake is beneficial for human health.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Veronese N Solmi M Caruso MG Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107: 436- 44. 10.1093/ajcn/nqx082 29566200
• Not checked yetcites [87] Thompson SV Hannon BA An R Holscher HD Effects of isolated soluble fiber supplementation on body weight, glycemia, and insulinemia in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106: 1514- 28. 10.3945/ajcn.117.163246 29092878

In the paper

“- Targeting the gut microbiome, with probiotics or dietary fibre, benefits human health and could potentially reduce obesity”

In the paper

“and decreased relapse rate at one month (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.68, low quality evidence)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Xie et al (2018)131

In the paper

“The type of bread that induced the lower glycaemic response in each person could be predicted based solely on microbiome data collected before the intervention.68”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [68] Korem T, Zeevi D, Zmora N, et al. Bread affects clinical parameters and induces gut microbiome-associated personal glycemic responses. Cell Metabolism. 2017; 25: 1243-53 e5. 28591632

In the paper

“Given the variation in the gut microbiota between people, the optimal diet of a person may need to be tailored to their gut microbiota.”

In the paper

“and LDL-C by 0.23 mmol/L (95% CI, −0.36 to −0.10)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wu et al (2017)129

In the paper

“The researchers devised a machine learning algorithm to predict personalised glucose responses after meals based on clinical and gut microbiome data and showed that it achieved significantly higher predictions than approaches such as carbohydrate counting or glycaemic index scores.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zeevi et al.94 Zeevi D Korem T Zmora N Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 2015; 163: 1079- 94. 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001 26590418

In the paper

“Fibre is a key nutrient for a healthy microbiome and has been overlooked while debates have raged about sugar and fat.”

In the paper

“Lactobacillus consumption significantly reduced total cholesterol by 0.26 mmol/L (95% CI −0.40 to −0.12)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wu et al (2017)129

In the paper

“and mycological cure (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.10, low quality evidence)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Xie et al (2018)131

In the paper

“The overall mean difference for gaining clinical attachment level gain between probiotics and placebo was significant (weighted mean difference 1.41, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.67, P=0.028)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ikram et al (2018) 132

In the paper

“Two recent studies showed that the detrimental effects of high fat diets on penetrability of the mucus layer and metabolic functions could be prevented through dietary administration of inulin.83 84”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Zou J Chassaing B Singh V Fiber-mediated nourishment of gut microbiota protects against diet-induced obesity by restoring IL-22-mediated colonic health. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23: 41- 53.e4. 10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.003 29276170 PMC6005180
• Not checked yetcites [84] Schroeder BO Birchenough GMH Ståhlman M Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23: 27- 40.e7. 10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.004 29276171 PMC5764785

In the paper

“Most studies found positive results, and the authors conclude that compelling evidence shows that probiotics alleviate depressive symptoms”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wallace, and Milev (2017)79,130

In the paper

“Two recent meta-analyses found clear links between dietary fibre and health benefits in a wide range of pathologies,86 87”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Veronese N Solmi M Caruso MG Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107: 436- 44. 10.1093/ajcn/nqx082 29566200
• Not checked yetcites [87] Thompson SV Hannon BA An R Holscher HD Effects of isolated soluble fiber supplementation on body weight, glycemia, and insulinemia in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106: 1514- 28. 10.3945/ajcn.117.163246 29092878

In the paper

“A study on response to bread68 using a randomised crossover trial of one week long dietary interventions showed significant interpersonal variability in the glycaemic response to different bread types.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [68] Korem T, Zeevi D, Zmora N, et al. Bread affects clinical parameters and induces gut microbiome-associated personal glycemic responses. Cell Metabolism. 2017; 25: 1243-53 e5. 28591632