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Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health
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Lauren Paremoer and colleagues call for action to create a fairer and more sustainable post-covid world
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“These measures will also improve the social and economic determinants of health, the poor state of which may have made populations more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic.(23) But the”
Atwoli, L., Baqui, A. H., Benfield, T., Bosurgi, R., Godlee, F., Hancocks, S., Horton, R. C., Laybourn‐Langton, L., Monteiro, C. A., Norman, I. J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2113200 · Cited by 193
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“health inequities, providing a stark reminder of the impact of the SDOH.(268) SDOH is broadly defined as the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, that influence health outcomes”
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“20 There are now important opportunities for individual countries to build back better, which include improving health and social services, but to do so, we must understand the foundations upon which we are building.”
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“The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had the greatest impact on groups that have faced discrimination and historical injustices [26].”
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“These same social factors underscore the disparities observed during the COVID-19 pandemic [3] compounded by the fact that existing nutrition and diet-related diseases (for example, obesity) also exacerbate morbidity and mortality from the virus [4].”
Measuring The Enduring Imprint Of Structural Racism On American Neighborhoods
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Habitability, Resilience, and Satisfaction in Mexican Homes to COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Similar patterns were found in the US (see Karmakar, Lantz, and Tipirneni 2021; Paremoer et al. 2021).”
ResultInequities in the distribution of COVID-19: an adaptation of WHO's conceptual framework
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“It is also possible that socially disadvantaged patients presented to care later in the disease course, due to limited access to transportation, lack of health insurance, or fewer healthcare resources in their neighborhoods [44, 51].”
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“However, drug inaccessibility for certain cohorts of the population with specific diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has been associated with poor health outcomes [6], leaving patients at risk for serious medical issues.”
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“Adopting a social determinants of health framework [102] when reporting deaths among this population may also yield more insight into preventative factors, given the various structural vulnerabilities they face.”
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“The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the longstanding structural drivers of health inequities globally 25 .”
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“Social determinants of health, including poorer socioeconomic status, adverse working conditions, decreased access to healthcare or social exclusion may have contributed to these findings.(46,47) The following clinical risk factorswere associatedwithworst COVID-19 outcomes in CoCARE: ECOG PS 2, pre-existing comorbidit…”
Atwoli, L., Baqui, A. H., Benfield, T., Bosurgi, R., Godlee, F., Hancocks, S., Horton, R. C., Laybourn‐Langton, L., Monteiro, C. A., Norman, I. J., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01915-2 · Cited by 26
Human rights and COVID-19 triage: a comment on the Bath protocol
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“…discrimination, individuals who are stateless, incarcerated, live in inadequate housing, or that have chronic health conditions), the pandemic substantially magnified gaps in inequality, with potentially negative implications on their long-term physical, socioeconomic, and mental wellbeing [67,68].”
Atwoli, L., Baqui, A. H., Benfield, T., Bosurgi, R., Godlee, F., Hancocks, S., Horton, R. C., Laybourn‐Langton, L., Monteiro, C. A., Norman, I. J., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00204-8 · Cited by 27
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Language as a Social Determinant of Health
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“Some scholars concentrated on the structural factors that lead to the current health inequities and proposed pro-equity laws and policies [23].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Trends and Stringency Index by Economic Ranking of Countries: A Longitudinal Study
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“Previous studies have mostly focused on the distribution and determinants of the COVID-19 pandemic by different dimensions such as social determinants of mortality [16, 17], disparities [18], social and mental health [18], food security status [19], and labor markets [20].”
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“ethnicity, or race, among other factors [4].”
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“Women were estimated to be doing three quarters of the unpaid care work, and this has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic [7, 47].”
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Use of home remedies for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus disease: An integrative review
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“COVID‐19 exposed the inequities that resulted in heavy reliance on the use of readily home remedies.(5) These inequalities in modern healthcare partly led to people resorting to the use of other healthcare alternatives, some of them being the use of home remedies.”
BackgroundAtwoli, L., Baqui, A. H., Benfield, T., Bosurgi, R., Godlee, F., Hancocks, S., Horton, R., Laybourn‐Langton, L., Monteiro, C. A., Norman, I. J., et al. (2021) · Universitas Médica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.umed62-3.call · Cited by 20
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“Women (migrant and non-migrant) constitute the majority of caregivers in health and social care facilities, in private households and in their own homes, and this has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic [35,36].”
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“8 These social determinants comprise broader policy environment and socioeconomic and environmental factors that indirectly or directly impact health by moulding individuals’ living, schooling, working life, and ageing choices and conditions that are actionable with effective responses.”
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“Additionally, understanding how social and environmental determinants of health affect communities pre-and post-disaster is vital to creating “interventions [that] tackle systematically reproduced conditions of vulnerability” [26].”
BackgroundRacial and Ethnic Disparities in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
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“127,128 Evidence is growing that health outcomes in marginalized groups are not predetermined by genetic factors linked to their race, but instead are biological responses in fl uenced by discrimination.”
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“SDHs have interacted with gender [27], ethnicity, class and other factors to increase COVID-19 related inequalities [28, 29].”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection in Adults, Catalonia, Spain
Roel, E., Raventós, B., Burn, E., Pistillo, A., Prieto‐Alhambra, D., & Duarte‐Salles, T. (2022) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2811.220614 · Cited by 17
“However, the impact of the pandemic has not been uniform across or within countries (2).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Paremoer, L., Nandi, S., Serag, H., & Baum, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Nandi, Sulakshana
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-01-28
- Volume
- 372
- Pages
- n129
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7842257
- OpenAlex
- W3123581252
- Cited by
- 553
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 240
- FWCI
- 70.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, social determinants of health, health equity, post-pandemic society, sustainability, health policy
- MeSH terms
- Food Insecurity, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Public Policy, Socioeconomic Factors, Vulnerable Populations, Health Status Disparities, Social Determinants of Health
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