The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of tree nuts on metabolic syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To provide a broader evidence summary to inform dietary guidelines of the effect of tree nuts on criteria of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of tree nuts on criteria of the MetS. Data sources: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 4 April 2014). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: We included relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ≥3 weeks reporting at least one criterion of the MetS. Data extraction: Two or more independent reviewers extracted all relevant data. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I 2 statistic. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed. Results: Eligibility criteria were met by 49 RCTs including 2226 participants who were otherwise healthy or had dyslipidaemia, MetS or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tree nut interventions lowered triglycerides (MD=−0.06 mmol/L (95% CI −0.09 to −0.03 mmol/L)) and fasting blood glucose (MD=−0.08 mmol/L (95% CI −0.16 to −0.01 mmol/L)) compared with control diet interventions. There was no effect on waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or blood pressure with the direction of effect favouring tree nuts for waist circumference. There was evidence of significant unexplained heterogeneity in all analyses (p<0.05). Conclusions: Pooled analyses show a MetS benefit of tree nuts through modest decreases in triglycerides and fasting blood glucose with no adverse effects on other criteria across nut types. As our conclusions are limited by the short duration and poor quality of the majority of trials, as well as significant unexplained between-study heterogeneity, there remains a need for larger, longer, high-quality trials. Trial registration number: NCT01630980.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“however, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the available randomized controlled trials have only shown non-significant reductions.43”
From Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have shown beneficial effects of plant sterols, 38,39 viscous fibres, 37,40,41 plant proteins, 34 and nuts 33,42,43 on the established alternate lipid targets, non-HDL-C and apoB, and other blood lipids including TC and TG.”
From Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
3 retracted
RETRACTED: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · Cited by 4,257
RetractedEstruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1806491 · Cited by 1,008
RetractedNuts as a Replacement for Carbohydrates in the Diabetic Diet
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Banach, M. S., Srichaikul, K., Vidgen, E., Mitchell, S., Parker, T. L., Nishi, S. K., Bashyam, B., de Souza, R. J., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0338 · Cited by 109
Self-citationRetractedAlberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644 · Cited by 14,860
A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Vogt, T. M., Cutler, J. A., Windhauser, M. M., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704173361601 · Cited by 5,981
Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., Obarzanek, E., Conlin, P. R., Miller, E. R., Simons-Morton, D. G., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440101 · Cited by 5,638
Improving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement
Begg, C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080059030 · Cited by 3,127
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158 · Cited by 2,705
Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues
Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Higgins, J. P., Curtin, F., Worthington, H. V., & Vail, A. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.140 · Cited by 2,305
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708681 · Cited by 2,143
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims—final, 2009.
- Berryman, 2013, Daily inclusion of almonds (1.5 ounces) in a cholesterol-lowering diet maintains HDL-cholesterol and HDL subclasses in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults, Ann Nutr Metab, 63, 1338
- 10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00004 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chiavaroli, L., Viguiliouk, E., Nishi, S., Blanco Mejia, S., Rahelić, D., Kahleová, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Kendall, C., & Sievenpiper, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020338 · Cited by 548
Self-citationPérez‐Martínez, P., Mikhailidis, D. P., Athyros, V. G., Bulló, M., Couture, P., Covas, M. I., de Koning, L., Delgado‐Lista, J., Díaz‐López, A., Drevon, C. A., et al. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux014 · Cited by 429
Guasch-Ferré, M., Satija, A., Blondin, S. A., Janiszewski, M., Emlen, E., O’Connor, L. E., Campbell, W. W., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., & Stampfer, M. J. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.035225 · Cited by 304
Almonds (Prunus Dulcis Mill. D. A. Webb): A Source of Nutrients and Health-Promoting Compounds
Barreca, D., Nabavi, S. M., Sureda, A., Rasekhian, M., Raciti, R., Sanches-Silva, A. T., Annunziata, G., Arnone, A., Tenore, G. C., Süntar, I. P., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030672 · Cited by 310
Evidence-based European recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes
The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Aas, A.-M., Axelsen, M., Churuangsuk, C., Hermansen, K., Kendall, C. W. C., Kahleova, H., Khan, T., Lean, M. E. J., Mann, J. I., et al. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05894-8 · Cited by 262
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanco Mejia, S., Kendall, C. W. C., Viguiliouk, E., Augustin, L. S., Ha, V., Cozma, A. I., Mirrahimi, A., Maroleanu, A., Chiavaroli, L., Leiter, L. A., de Souza, R. J., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kendall, Cyril W C
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e004660
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4120343
- OpenAlex
- W2113378946
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Coca-Cola Foundation
- Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Canola Council of Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (129920)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- tree nuts, metabolic syndrome, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, dietary intervention, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, dietary guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Lipids, Nuts, Trees, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Metabolic Syndrome, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
