Cost and cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a protocol for a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the most common chronic diseases of adulthood which creates high degrees of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of T2DM continues to rise and recently, mHealth interventions have been increasingly used in the prevention, monitoring and management of T2DM. The aim of this study is to systematically review the published evidence on cost and cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions for T2DM, as well as assess the quality of reporting of the evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A comprehensive review of PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct and Web of Science of articles published until January 2019 will be conducted. Included studies will be partial or full economic evaluations which provide cost or cost-effectiveness results for mHealth interventions targeting individuals diagnosed with, or at risk of, T2DM. The quality of reporting evidence will be assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. Results will be presented using a flowchart following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Graphical and tabulated representations of the results will be created for both descriptive and numerical results. The cost and cost-effectiveness values will be presented as reported by the original studies as well as converted into international dollars to allow comparability. As we are predicting heterogenous results, we will conduct a narrative and interpretive analysis of the data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No formal approval or review of ethics is required for this systematic review as it will involve the collection and analysis of secondary data. This protocol follows the current PRISMA-P guidelines. The review will provide information on the cost and cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions targeting T2DM. These results will be disseminated through publication and submission to conferences for presentations and posters. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019123476.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO in January 2019 under registration number CRD42019123476 and was published elsewhere.
“Our protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews in January 2019 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42019123476) and it is published elsewhere [22].”
From Cost and cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PRISMA-P Group, Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 · Cited by 26,223 · see citing works
Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes
Drummond, M. E., Sculpher, M. J., Torrance, G. W., O’Brien, B. J., & Stoddart, G. L. (2005) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198529446.001.0001 · Cited by 13,648 · see citing works
International Diabetes Federation 2017
Carracher, A. M., Marathe, P. H., & Close, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12644 · Cited by 13,369 · see citing works
Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31678-6 · Cited by 7,253 · see citing works
Publication bias in clinical research
Easterbrook, P. J., Gopalan, R., Berlin, J. A., & Matthews, D. R. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-y · Cited by 3,109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Particularly, we are aware of publication bias; often published studies demonstrate positive results and research demonstrating negative results may be lacking.(30) Additionally, we will exclude studies that are not available in the English language and which are not published in a peer-reviewed journal, therefore, we…”
ResultConsolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement
Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Petrou, S., Carswell, C., Moher, D., Greenberg, D., Augustovski, F., Briggs, A. H., Mauskopf, J., Loder, E., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1049 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends
Olokoba, A. B., Obateru, O. A., & Olokoba, L. B. (2012) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2012.68 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Country-Level Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Initial Estimates and the Need for Further Research
Woods, B. S., Revill, P. A., Sculpher, M. J., & Claxton, K. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.02.017 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Evers, S., Goossens, M. E. J. B., de Vet, H. C. W., van Tulder, M. W., & Ament, A. J. H. A. (2005) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462305050324 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement
Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Petrou, S., Carswell, C., Moher, D., Greenberg, D., Augustovski, F., Briggs, A. H., Mauskopf, J., & Loder, E. (2013) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462313000160 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Mapping mHealth research: a decade of evolution
Fiordelli, M., Diviani, N., & Schulz, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2430 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Iribarren, S. J., Cato, K., Falzon, L., & Stone, P. W. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170581 · Cited by 519 · cited 12× · see citing works
“mHealth interventions have been shown to be low cost and cost-effective across medical specialties, such as cardiovascular and renal medicine, however, there are significant gaps in the economic literature addressing mHealth interventions targeted at individuals with or at risk of T2DM.(14)”
BackgroundInfluentialLiang, X., Wang, Q., Yang, X., Cao, J., Chen, J., Mo, X., Huang, J., Wang, L., & Gu, D. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03180.x · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Yao, X., Vespasiani, G., Nicolucci, A., Dong, Y., Kwong, J., Li, L., Sun, X., Tian, H., & Li, S. (2017) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6522 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Yao, X., Vespasiani, G., Nicolucci, A., Dong, Y., Kwong, J. S. W., Li, L., Sun, X., Tian, H., & Li, S. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8789 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Saffari, M., Ghanizadeh, G., & Koenig, H. G. (2014) · Primary Care Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.03.004 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, a systematic review found that glycaemic control results are amplified when two different methods are used in conjunction with one another, such as text reminders and blood glucose record keeping.(21) mHealth interventions have been shown to be low cost and cost-effective across medical specialties, such…”
BackgroundEvolution and current status of mhealth research: a systematic review
Ali, E. E., Chew, L. S. T., & Yap, K. Y. (2016) · BMJ Innovations · doi:10.1136/bmjinnov-2015-000096 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Bhutani, J., & Bhutani, S. (2014) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.141388 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Global economic burden of diabetes and its implications
Ping, Z., & Gregg, E. W. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30100-6 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Economic evaluation of emergency obstetric care training: a systematic review.
Banke-Thomas, A., Wilson-Jones, M., Madaj, B., & van den Broek, N. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1586-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The economic costs of diabetes in developing countries: some concerns and recommendations
Khuwaja, A. K., Khowaja, L. A., & Cosgrove, P. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1581-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Haghparast‐Bidgoli, H., Kiadaliri, A., & Skordis, J. (2014) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/1478-7547-12-15 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationIstepanian, R. S. H., & Alanzi, T. M. (2018) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2018.01.02 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Block, G., Azar, K. M., Block, T. J., Romanelli, R. J., Carpenter, H. A., Hopkins, D. R., Palaniappan, L. P., & Block, C. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4046 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Linmans, J. J., Knottnerus, J. A., & Spigt, M. (2015) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2015.02.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Motivational Interviewing (MI) to Change Type 2DM Self Care Behaviors: A Nursing Intervention.
Dellasega, C. A., Gabbay, R. A., Durdock, K., & Martinez-King, N. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rinaldi, G., Hijazi, A., & Haghparast-Bidgoli, H. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108084 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, Y., & García-Lorenzo, B. (2025) · BMC Digital Health · doi:10.1186/s44247-025-00194-0
- Authors
- Rinaldi, G., Hijazi, A., & Haghparast-Bidgoli, H.
- Affiliations
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e027490
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6500237
- OpenAlex
- W2939459572
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, mobile health intervention, mobile health, cost-effectiveness, cost analysis, diabetes prevention, diabetes risk, economic evaluation, reporting quality, CHEERS checklist
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Research Design, Telemedicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
