A guided and unguided internet- and mobile-based intervention for chronic pain: health economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective This study aims at evaluating the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of a guided and unguided internet-based intervention for chronic pain patients (ACTonPain guided and ACTonPain unguided ) compared with a waitlist control group (CG) as well as the comparative cost-effectiveness of the guided and the unguided version. Design This is a health economic evaluation alongside a three-arm randomised controlled trial from a societal perspective. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 9 weeks and 6 months after randomisation. Setting Participants were recruited through online and offline strategies and in collaboration with a health insurance company. Participants 302 adults (≥18 years, pain for at least 6 months) were randomly allocated to one of the three groups (ACTonPain guided , ACTonPain unguided , CG). Interventions ACTonPain consists of seven modules and is based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. ACTonPain guided and ACTonPain unguided only differ in provision of human support. Primary and secondary outcome measures Main outcomes of the cost-effectiveness and the cost-utility analyses were meaningful change in pain interference (treatment response) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), respectively. Economic evaluation estimates were the incremental cost-effectiveness and cost-utility ratio (ICER/ICUR). Results At 6-month follow-up, treatment response and QALYs were highest in ACTonPain guided (44% and 0.280; mean costs = €6,945), followed by ACTonPain unguided (28% and 0.266; mean costs = €6,560) and the CG (16% and 0.244; mean costs = €6,908). ACTonPain guided vs CG revealed an ICER of €45 and an ICUR of €604.ACTonPain unguided dominated CG. At a willingness-to-pay of €0 the probability of being cost-effective was 50% for ACTonPain guided (vs CG, for both treatment response and QALY gained) and 67% for ACTonPain unguided (vs CG, for both treatment response and QALY gained). These probabilities rose to 95% when society’s willingness-to-pay is €91,000 (ACTonPain guided ) and €127,000 (ACTonPain unguided ) per QALY gained. ACTonPain guided vs ACTonPain unguided revealed an ICER of €2,374 and an ICUR of €45,993. Conclusions Depending on society’s willingness-to-pay, ACTonPain is a potentially cost-effective adjunct to established pain treatment. ACTonPain unguided (vs CG) revealed lower costs at better health outcomes. However, uncertainty has to be considered. Direct comparison of the two interventions does not indicate a preference for ACTonPain guided . Trial registration number DRKS00006183.
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The other five articles were excluded because they comprised the same samples as the selected five.
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From Efficacy of Online-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
The Methods (Study design and sample; page not available) identify this economic evaluation as part of a trial whose protocol and main outcome paper were published separately, supporting sample overlap for this article. The source does not establish that five articles shared samples with five selected articles or that the citing authors excluded them. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConsidering a 25.8% dropout rate for internet-based interventions at 6-month follow-up, at least 147 participants will be needed for randomization, with at least 49 participants in each group.
“Considering the drop-out rate of 25.8 % for internet-based interventions at 6-month follow-up (Paganini et al., 2019), at least 147 participants will be needed for randomization with at least 49 participants in each group.”
From Efficacy and mechanisms of mobile application-delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in China: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as Paganini et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Paganini, S., Lin, J., Kählke, F., Buntrock, C., Leiding, D., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Paganini, Sarah
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e023390
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6500312
- OpenAlex
- W2938238472
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- chronic pain, acceptance and commitment therapy, online intervention, mobile-based interventions, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility analysis, pain interference, quality-adjusted life years, health economic evaluation, waitlist control, societal perspective, willingness to pay, treatment response, cost-effectiveness acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Waiting Lists, Logistic Models, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Internet, Chronic Pain, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
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