Analytical studies: a framework for quality improvement design and analysis: Figure 1
Open accessAbstract
Conducting studies for learning is fundamental to improvement. Deming emphasised that the reason for conducting a study is to provide a basis for action on the system of interest. He classified studies into two types depending on the intended target for action. An enumerative study is one in which action will be taken on the universe that was studied. An analytical study is one in which action will be taken on a cause system to improve the future performance of the system of interest. The aim of an enumerative study is estimation, while an analytical study focuses on prediction. Because of the temporal nature of improvement, the theory and methods for analytical studies are a critical component of the science of improvement.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Improvement interventions are commonly launched without either a good outcome measurement plan or the baseline data required for meaningful time-series analyses.
“Improvement interventions are also commonly launched without either a good outcome measurement plan or the baseline data required for meaningful time-series analyses.34–36”
From Demystifying theory and its use in improvement (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,085 · see citing works
Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials.
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-9-825_10 · Cited by 1,838 · see citing works
Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control.
N., E., SHEWHART, W. A., & Edwards, W. (1940) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2018314 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
(1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Clinical epidemiology: The essentials
Valagussa, P. (1988) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(88)90054-2 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education
Deming, W. (2018) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270625 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Observational research, randomised trials, and two views of medical science
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Deming, W. E. (2010) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 292 · see citing works
C., A., & Deming, W. E. (1950) · Population · doi:10.2307/1523702 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Special Report: The Ethics of Using QI Methods to Improve Health Care Quality and Safety
Baily, M. A., Bottrell, M. M., Lynn, J., & Jennings, B. (2006) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1353/hcr.2006.0054 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
On Probability as a Basis for Action
Deming, W. E. (1975) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1975.10477402 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
On Probability as a Basis for Action
Deming, W. E. (1975) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2683482 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
On a Classification of the Problems of Statistical Inference
Deming, W. E. (1942) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1942.10500624 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Quality improvement through planned experimentation
Moen, R. D., Nolan, T. W., & Provost, L. P. (n.d.) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationOn a Classification of the Problems of Statistical Inference
Deming, W. E. (1942) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2279212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [12]Baily MA Bottrell M Lynn J The Ethics of Improving Health Care Quality & Safety: A Hastings Center/AHRQ Project. Garrison, NY: The Hastings Center, 2004 16898359
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Demystifying theory and its use in improvement
Davidoff, F., Dixon-Woods, M., Leviton, L., & Michie, S. (2015) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003627 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Recommendations for Evaluation of Health Care Improvement Initiatives
Parry, G. J., Carson-Stevens, A., Luff, D. F., McPherson, M. E., & Goldmann, D. A. (2013) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.04.007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Seven Propositions of the Science of Improvement: Exploring Foundations
Perla, R. J., Provost, L. P., & Parry, G. J. (2013) · Quality Management in Health Care · doi:10.1097/qmh.0b013e31829a6a15 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is the NHS Safety Thermometer?
Power, M., Stewart, K., & Brotherton, A. (2012) · Clinical Risk · doi:10.1258/cr.2012.012038 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Cross-Sector Approach Expands Screening and Addresses Health-Related Social Needs in Primary Care
Arbour, M. C., Floyd, B., Morton, S., Hampton, P., Sims, J. M., Doyle, S., Atwood, S., & Sege, R. (2021) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-050152 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Provost, L. P.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Healthcare Improvement (US)
- Corresponding author
- Provost, Lloyd P
- ORCID
- Provost, Lloyd P
- Venue
- BMJ Quality & Safety
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-03-30
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- Suppl 1
- Pages
- i92-i96
- ISSN
- 1475-3898 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-5415
- 2044-5423
- PMC
- PMC3066849
- OpenAlex
- W2056998865
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Quality & Safety (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Healthcare Quality and Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Management Systems and Quality Improvement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring
- Keywords
- analytical study, prediction, Deming
- MeSH terms
- Health Services Research, Quality Assurance, Health Care, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
