Cited by 515Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyClinical practice guidelines implementation

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Guidelines for reporting meta-epidemiological methodology research

Open access

Murad, Mohammad Hassan, Wang, Zhen·2017·Evidence Based Medicine

DOI 10.1136/ebmed-2017-110713PMC PMC5537553

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Abstract

Published research should be reported to evidence users with clarity and transparency that facilitate optimal appraisal and use of evidence and allow replication by other researchers. Guidelines for such reporting are available for several types of studies but not for meta-epidemiological methodology studies. Meta-epidemiological studies adopt a systematic review or meta-analysis approach to examine the impact of certain characteristics of clinical studies on the observed effect and provide empirical evidence for hypothesised associations. The unit of analysis in meta-epidemiological studies is a study, not a patient. The outcomes of meta-epidemiological studies are usually not clinical outcomes. In this guideline, we adapt items from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) to fit the context of meta-epidemiological studies.

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Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · cited 1×
“6–8 In this guide, we adapt the items used in the PRISMA statement 9 for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analysis to fit the setting of meta-epidemiological studies.”
Method
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Method
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“Investigators should, however, inform readers of their certainty in the results, even if this was determined narratively 16 because formal approaches 15 are intended to rate the certainty of evidence about interventions.”
Background
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“41) compared with blinded trials.(11) A third example is a study that explored the effect of trials stopped early for benefit on future research.”
Background
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“The quality of evidence is a highly important step in a systematic review reporting on a treatment effect 15 and is critical for decision making but also may not be relevant to a meta-epidemiological study.”
Background
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“For example, the meta-epidemiological study showing that trials with inadequate allocation concealment yielded larger estimates of effects (relative to trials with adequate allocation concealment) does not necessarily have to describe patients’ characteristics or comorbidities in each individual trial.(10) Publication…”
MethodResult
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Method
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Method
Patient and public involvement in contemporary large intensive care trials: Protocol for a meta‐epidemiological study
Barot, E., Kjær, M. N., Collet, M. O., Crescioli, E., Rasmussen, B. S., Estrup, S., Mortensen, C. B., Vesterlund, G. K., Sivapalan, P., Anthon, C. T., et al. (2021) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.13953 · Cited by 3
Design, analysis, and reporting of pilot studies in HIV: a systematic review and methodological study
El-Khechen, H. A., Khan, M. I. U., Leenus, S., Olaiya, O. R., Durrani, Z. H., Masood, Z., Leenus, A., Akhter, S., & Mbuagbaw, L. C. E. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00934-9 · Cited by 4
“Methods We conducted a methodological study of pilot studies in the HIV literature as per the guidelines reported by Murad and Wang for reporting meta-epidemiological research [36].”
Method
Quality of systematic reviews supporting the 2017 ACC/AHA and 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of hypertension
Kanukula, R., Dhurjati, R., Vidyasagar, K., Rehana, N., Talari, A., Salam, A., Rodgers, A., & Page, M. J. (2021) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111675 · Cited by 4
Assumptions for creating matrices of evidence to estimate overlap of primary studies in overviews of reviews: Protocol for a meta-research studyPreprint
Bracchiglione, J., Meza, N., Lunny, C., Pieper, D., Eva Madrid, A., Urrútia, G., & Bonfill, X. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.23291488 · Cited by 3
“We will use the relevant items in the PRISMA guidelines for reporting our research [13,14].”
Evaluating the Relationship between Industry Sponsorship and Conflicts of Interest among Systematic Review Authors on Treatments for Cannabis use Disorder
Carr, M., Reddy, V., Anderson, M. C., Weaver, M., Hartwell, M. L., & Vassar, M. B. (2022) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2022.2074598 · Cited by 2
“We consulted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(19) and reporting guidelines by Murad and Wang for meta-epidemiological studies in the drafting process for this paper.(20)”
Method
Characterising umbrella reviews in paediatrics: A systematic analysis
Kuitunen, I. (2024) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.17438 · Cited by 2
Immortal time bias tends to be more pronounced in methodological studies than in empirical studies: a metaepidemiological study
Zhang, X., Xu, J., He, Q., Wang, Y., Xie, S., Zhang, X., Zou, K., Wang, W., & Sun, X. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111936 · Cited by 2
Impact of matrix-construction assumptions on quantitative overlap assessment in overviews: A meta-research study
Bracchiglione, J., Meza, N., Pieper, D., Lunny, C., Vargas-Peirano, M., Vicuña, J., Muga, F. B., Parra, R. G., Carrasco, I. P., Urrútia, G., et al. (2025) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1017/rsm.2025.10056 · Cited by 2
“18,19 The protocol for this study was prospectively registered.”
Participant diversity and inclusive trial design: a meta-epidemiologic study of Canadian randomized clinical trials
Ruzycki, S. M., Lithgow, K. C., Song, C., Taylor, S., Subramanian, A., Li, M., Happ, S., Shea, M., Oladimeji, D. M., Clark, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.112098 · Cited by 2
The interplay between PROM score distributions and treatment effect detection likelihood in randomized controlled trials–a metaepidemiologic study
Panula, V. J., Saarinen, A. J., Vaajala, M., Liukkonen, R. J., Pakarinen, O., Laaksonen, J., Ponkilainen, V., Kuitunen, I., & Uimonen, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.112114 · Cited by 2
How Reproducible Are Abdominal Wall Surgical Techniques? A Methodological Assessment of Technical Reporting in the Contemporary Literature
Brucchi, F., Stanco, R., Dionigi, G., & Muysoms, F. E. (2026) · Journal of Abdominal Wall Surgery · doi:10.3389/jaws.2026.16371 · Cited by 2
“The reporting of this study was informed by the guideline for meta-epidemiological methodology research proposed by Murad and Wang [6], adapted to the descriptive nature of the present analysis.”
Evaluating evidential strength of statistically nonsignificant meta-analyses with likelihood ratios: a meta-epidemiological study
Sharifan, A., Harrod, C., Dobrescu, A. I., & Gartlehner, G. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112297 · Cited by 2
Completeness of intervention reporting in neurology randomized controlled trials: a retrospective, cross-sectional study
Roberts, W., Beavers, C., Jellison, S., & Vassar, M. B. (2020) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000224 · Cited by 2
“When drafting the article, we also consulted the reporting guidelines developed by Murad and Wang.(11) This guideline is an extension of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses and is more appropriate for metaresearch and meta-epidemiological investigations.”
Method
Clinical Trials of Microsurgery for Cerebral Aneurysms: Past and Future
Srinivasan, V. M., Farhadi, D. S., Shlobin, N. A., Cole, T. S., Graffeo, C. S., & Lawton, M. T. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.11.087 · Cited by 2
Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and hypertension risk after adjusting for publication bias
Bae, J. (2022) · Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1186/s40885-022-00196-4 · Cited by 2
“The author followed the guideline for reporting metaepidemiological methodology research [11].”
Method
Evaluation of spin in the abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses relating to postoperative nausea and vomiting
Bruns, M., Manojkumar, A., Ottwell, R., Hartwell, M. L., Arthur, W., Roberts, W., White, B. J., Young, J., Martin, J. E., Wright, D., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000001709 · Cited by 2
Correlation analysis of financial conflicts of interest and favourability of results or conclusions in addiction medicine systematic reviews and meta-analysis
Vassar, M. B., Shepard, S., Demla, S., & Tritz, D. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054325 · Cited by 2
The presence of spin in systematic reviews focused on diabetic neuropathy: A cross-sectional analysis
Khan, A. M., Riley, H., Ottwell, R., Arthur, W., Greiner, B. H., Shapiro, E., Wright, D., Hartwell, M. L., Chen, S., Miao, Z., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274744 · Cited by 2
Harms reporting in randomized controlled trials underpinning the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for glenohumeral osteoarthritis
Chauhan, A., Kotlier, J. L., Thompson, A. A., Mayfield, C. K., Abu-Zahra, M., Hwang, N. M., Bolia, I. K., Petrigliano, F. A., & Liu, J. N. (2023) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2023.09.030 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of methodological and reporting quality of systematic reviews on conservative non-pharmacological musculoskeletal pain management in children and adolescents: A methodological analysis
Santos, V. S., Fandim, J. V., Silva, F. G., Hatakeyama, B. A., Fioratti, I., Costa, L. O. P., Saragiotto, B. T., & Yamato, T. P. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102902 · Cited by 4
Serious adverse events reporting in recent randomised clinical trials in intensive care medicine – A methodological study protocol
Jensen, M. Q., Munch, M. W., Granholm, A., Møller, M. H., Bahrenkova, M., & Perner, A. (2024) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.14512 · Cited by 2
“11”
Variability of relative treatment effect among populations with low, moderate and high control group event rates: a meta-epidemiological study
Murad, M. H., Wang, Z., Xiao, M., Chu, H., & Lin, L. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02388-y · Cited by 2
“This study follows the reporting guideline for meta-epi-demiological methodology research [16].”
Method
Influence of study characteristics on harm estimates from randomised controlled trials in patients with inflammatory arthritis receiving biological or synthetic antirheumatic drugs: a meta-epidemiological study
Berg, J. I., Nielsen, S. M., Malm, E., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Furst, D. E., Smolen, J. S., Taylor, P. C., Kristensen, L. E., Tarp, S., Ellingsen, T., et al. (2024) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2024-226129 · Cited by 2
Exploring the characteristics, methods and reporting of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of time-to-event outcomes: a meta-epidemiological study
Goldkuhle, M., Hirsch, C., Iannizzi, C., Zorger, A.-M., Bender, R., van Dalen, E. C., Hemkens, L. G., Monsef, I., Kreuzberger, N., & Skoetz, N. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02401-4 · Cited by 4
Justification, margin values, and analysis populations for oncologic noninferiority and equivalence trials: a meta-epidemiological study
Kleber, T. J., Sherry, A. D., Arifin, A. J., Kupferman, G. S., Kouzy, R., Jaoude, J. A., Lin, T. A., Beck, E. J., Miller, A. M., Passy, A. H., et al. (2024) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djae318 · Cited by 3
Spin Reporting Is Common in Pilot Randomized Controlled Trials in Surgery: A Methodological Survey
McKechnie, T., Kazi, T., Shi, V., Wang, A., Zhang, S., Thabane, A., Nanji, K., Staibano, P., Park, L. J., Doumouras, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2024.12.019 · Cited by 2
Enhancing Reporting Quality Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2020 in Systematic Reviews of Emergency Medicine Journals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Suda, C., Yamamoto, N., Tsuge, T., Hayashi, M., Suzuki, K., Ikuta, Y., & Banno, M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.78255 · Cited by 2
Lack of reproducibility of trial sequential analyses: a meta-epidemiological study
Xing, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Murad, M. H., & Lin, L. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-08799-6 · Cited by 2
“This study is reported according to standards of reporting meta-epidemiological studies [8].”
Who Are the Participants in Pediatric Concussion Randomized Controlled Trials? A Meta-epidemiology Study
Wingerson, M. J., Smulligan, K. L., Svoboda, E., Baugh, C. M., Magliato, S. N., Wilson, J. C., & Howell, D. R. (2025) · JOSPT open. · doi:10.2519/josptopen.2025.0112 · Cited by 2
Identifying predictors of early trial termination: a meta-epidemiological study utilising elements of the research ethics committee evaluation
Jansen, M. S., Pet, L. A., Buijs, J. T., Siegerink, B., Groenwold, R. H. H., & Dekkers, O. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111832 · Cited by 2
Assessing the statistical fragility of randomized controlled trials in hip and knee arthroplasty: A methodological review
Kashir, I., Olaonipekun, E., Rajagopalan, J., Khan, M., Adili, A. F., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., & Madden, K. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2025.05.065 · Cited by 2
Research without prior consent procedure and intervention effect on mortality in critical care: a meta-epidemiological study of randomized controlled trials
Hariri, G., Louie, J., Khan, A. A., Tahir, P., Martin, G. L., Dechartres, A., & Legrand, M. M. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05480-x · Cited by 2
“This study was conducted and reported in accordance with methodological guidance for meta-epidemiological research, as recommended by Murad and Wang [11].”
Evaluation of Risks of Bias in Addiction Medicine Randomized Controlled Trials
Wayant, C., Tritz, D., Horn, J. G., Crow, M., & Vassar, M. B. (2020) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agaa074 · Cited by 2
Conflicts of Interest Among Authors of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Investigating Interventions for Melanoma: Cross-sectional Literature Study
Rulon, Z., Powers, K., Anderson, J. M., Weaver, M., Johnson, A., Hartwell, M. L., & Vassar, M. B. (2021) · JMIR Dermatology · doi:10.2196/25858 · Cited by 2
“While drafting this manuscript, we followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines [25] and Murad and Wang’s guidelines for reporting meta-epidemiological methodology [26].”
Method
Association between author conflicts of interest and industry‐sponsorship with the favorability of outcomes of systematic reviews focusing on treatments of erectile dysfunction
Corcoran, A., Hillman, C., Cole, T., Anderson, M., Weaver, M., Johnson, B. S., Hartwell, M. L., & Vassar, M. B. (2021) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13064 · Cited by 2
Methodological Quality of Physical Therapy–Related Trials Published in Open Access and Subscription Journal
Ariie, T., Tsutsumi, Y., & Taito, S. (2022) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002029 · Cited by 2
Underreporting of patient-reported outcomes in cystic fibrosis randomized controlled trials using CONSORT-PRO and RoB 2.0
Moore, T. M., Nees, D., Hightower, B., Brock, L., Kee, M. D., Wise, A., Heigle, B., Ottwell, R., Hartwell, M. L., & Vassar, M. B. (2022) · Respiratory Medicine and Research · doi:10.1016/j.resmer.2022.100962 · Cited by 2
Evaluating the underreporting of patient-reported outcomes in carpal tunnel syndrome randomized controlled trials
Ladd, C., Jacobsen, S. M., Snider, K., Bacani, R. C., Hillman, C., Shepard, S., Heigle, B., Ottwell, R., Hartwell, M. L., & Vassar, M. B. (2023) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.1515/jom-2022-0223 · Cited by 2
The sound and surprise: overlapping meta-analyses on the topic of safety and efficacy of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
Ou, S., Luo, J., Wang, S., Li, K.-Y., Du, S., & Jiang, Q. (2023) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-023-03577-2 · Cited by 2
“This study followed the guidelines for reporting meta-epidemiological methodology research and preferred reporting items for overview of reviews (PRIO) statement [12, 13].”
Method
Reasons for missing evidence in rehabilitation meta-analyses: a cross-sectional meta-research study
Lazzarini, S. G., Yousif, M. S., Bargeri, S., Castellini, G., & Gianola, S. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-02064-7 · Cited by 2
“Since the reporting checklist for methods research studies is currently under development [34], we adapted items from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) for reporting meta-research studies [35].”
Method
Quality of systematic reviews on the treatment of vesiculobullous skin diseases. A meta-epidemiological study
Sá, K. M. M., Rodrigues, J. C., Silva, L., Santos, G. M., Colovati, M. E. S., & Martimbianco, A. L. C. (2023) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1016/j.abd.2023.06.003 · Cited by 2
The methodological and reporting quality of randomized controlled trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: Meta‐research study
Dedivitis, R. A., de Castro, M. A. F., Boni, A. M. D., Alvares, A. C. B., Tresso, A. J. P., de Oliveira, A. D., Vieira, A. G. D. S. D., Mendes, F. A., Rossi, G. D. O., Fava, G. N., et al. (2024) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.27679 · Cited by 2
Cumulative network-meta-analyses, practice guidelines and actual prescriptions of drug treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a study protocol for cumulative network meta-analyses and meta-epidemiological study
Kataoka, Y., Luo, Y., Chaimani, A., Ōnishi, A., Kimachi, M., Tsujimoto, Y., Murad, M. H., Li, T., Cipriani, A., & Furukawa, T. A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023218 · Cited by 2
“EthICs And dIssEMInAtIon We will prepare the publication in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline(41) and its adaptation for meta-epidemiological studies.(42) We will publish our findings in Table 1 Time frame for comparisons”
Method
Background styles in systematic review articles are not related to the publication in high-impact-factor journals
Kataoka, Y., Taito, S., Yamamoto‐Kataoka, S., Tsujimoto, Y., Yamazaki, H., & Furukawa, T. A. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000023801 · Cited by 2
“We adhered to the reporting guideline of meta-epidemiological study (Guidelines Checklist)([11]) where relevant.”
Method
Trends of Sources of Clinical Research Funding from 1990 to 2020: A Meta-Epidemiological Study
Burciaga-Jimenez, E., Solís, R. C., Sáenz-Flores, M., Hernández, J. A. Z., Zambrano-Lucio, M., & Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, R. (2022) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2021-002044 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of Reproducibility in Urology PublicationsPreprint
Rauh, S. L., Johnson, B. S., Bowers, A., Tritz, D., & Vassar, M. B. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/773945 · Cited by 2
How does the risk of bias influence the effect sizes of exercise therapy in chronic low back pain randomised controlled trials? A protocol for a meta-epidemiological studyPreprint
Innocenti, T., Hayden, J. A., Salvioli, S., Giagio, S., Piano, L., Cosentino, C., Brindisino, F., Feller, D., Ogilvie, R., Gianola, S., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.22277703 · Cited by 2
“Meta-epidemiological study” is a study in which the unit of analysis is a study, not a patient; response to Puljak et al.
Kataoka, Y., Banno, M., Tsujimoto, Y., & Furukawa, T. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.12.002 · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of stop smoking interventions among adults: an overview of systematic reviewsPreprint
Hersi, M., Beck, A., Hamel, C., Esmaeilisaraji, L., Pussegoda, K., Austin, B., Ahmadzai, N., Pratt, M., Thuku, M., Yazdi, F., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3743616/v1 · Cited by 2

Authors: Murad, M. H., & Wang, Z.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Murad, Mohammad Hassan
ORCID: Murad, Mohammad Hassan
Wang, Zhen
Venue: Evidence Based Medicine
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2017-07-12
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 139-142
ISSN: 1356-5524 (ISSN-L)
1473-6810
DOI: 10.1136/ebmed-2017-110713
PMC: PMC5537553
OpenAlex: W2735796955
Cited by: 515
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 18.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Keywords: meta-epidemiology, reporting guidelines, PRISMA, study characteristics, research transparency, reproducibility, systematic reviews
MeSH terms: Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Publishing, Quality Control, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Research Report

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