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Intention to treat analysis in clinical trials when there are missing data
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Intention to treat analysis in clinical trials when there are missing data
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“An intention-to-treat approach was used with imputation of missing data by last value carried forward (Streiner & Geddes, 2001).”
From Brief group‐based acceptance and commitment therapy for stroke survivors. (2019) · cites this paper as Streiner & Geddes, 2001
Citations
Cites
Biostatistics : The Bare Essentials
Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (1993) · Cited by 1,482
Self-citationGeddes, J. R., Freemantle, N., Harrison, P. J., & Bebbington, P. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1371 · Cited by 1,056
Self-citationSample Size and Power in Psychiatric Research *
Streiner, D. L. (1990) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379003500712 · Cited by 58
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Items 101–146 of 146
An evaluation of the choices for well-being project
Maguire, N., Hughes, V. C., Bell, L., Bogosian, A., & Hepworth, C. (2013) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.806813 · Cited by 10
“Intent-to-treat analysis was conducted in the same manner and included all dropouts, whose post or three-month follow-up scores were entered as unchanged (Streiner & Geddes, 2001).”
MethodMeasuring evidence-based practice knowledge and skills in occupational therapy—a brief instrument
Buchanan, H., Jelsma, J. M., & Siegfried, N. (2015) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-015-0475-2 · Cited by 9
“were carried forward as their 12-week scores) [25].”
BackgroundChow, J. W., Yablon, S. A., & Stokić, D. S. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314533615 · Cited by 8
Samuel, A. J., & Parashar, P. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neonatology · doi:10.4103/jcn.jcn_67_17 · Cited by 8
Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Therapy for Patients With Thoracic Pain: A Prospective Study
Mitchell, B., Verrills, P., Vivian, D., DuToit, N., Barnard, A., & Sinclair, C. (2016) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12458 · Cited by 7
“Where patients were explanted within the study period, the Last Observation Carried Forward methodology has been applied, whereby the last available data point prior to device removal is retained for post-treatment analysis (21).”
MethodCosio, D., & Swaroop, S. (2016) · Journal of Pain Management & Medicine · doi:10.35248/2684-1320.16.2.114 · Cited by 7
“A last-observation-carried-backward approach [51] was used for missing data on items on the pre-assessment and a last-observation-carried-forward approach [52] was used for missing data on items on the post-assessment.”
MethodSobel, A. D., Eltorai, A. E. M., Weiss, B., Mansuripur, P. K., & Weiss, A. C. (2019) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000000818 · Cited by 7
“Given that this study had a high rate of complete followup and loss of followup was less than 20%, the last observation carried forward method has been used by some, with minimal violation of the levels of significance and minimal loss of power [25, 26].”
MethodA Pilot RCT Investigating the Effects of Targeted Compression on Athletes With Pelvic/Groin Pain
Sawle, L., Freeman, J. A., & Marsden, J. F. (2017) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2017-0097 · Cited by 7
Thakur, N., & Shah, D. (2021) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-021-2401-5 · Cited by 5
“Both ITT analysis and PP analysis should be reported in the reporting of parallel group randomized controlled trials as per the CONSORT guidelines.”
MethodEbing, J., Gast, U., Hauptmann, C., Felsenberg, D., & Belavý, D. L. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001728 · Cited by 5
A Preliminary Study on Cognitive–Behavior Interventions for Hong Kong Chinese Delinquent Youth
Wong, D. F. K., Ip, P. S. Y., Chan, M. H., & Zhuang, X. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516682596 · Cited by 5
“Data analyses were performed on an intention to treat principle, with the missing data for each outcome measure inputted, using ‘‘last observation carried forward’’ (Streiner & Geddes, 2001).”
MethodTorres, C., Mailart, M. C., Ávila, D., Barbosa, A., Pinatti, R., Lopes, S., Santos, T. C. C., Moecke, S. E., Nicoló, R. D., & Borges, A. B. (2025) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/24-066-c · Cited by 4
Inch, J., Avenell, A., Aucott, L. S., & Watson, M. C. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018000733 · Cited by 4
Olvera‐Montaño, O., Mejia-Morales, C., Jauregui-Franco, R. O., Gómez-Mendez, S. C., & Muñoz‐Villegas, P. (2025) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s540312 · Cited by 3
“29,30 Before the study began, it was established that a minimum of 45 eyes per group was required to detect a difference of at least 1.5 mmHg in mean controlled IOP maintenance between treatments.”
InfluentialSimmons, E. B., Cosio, D., & Lin, E. H. (2015) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2014.0160 · Cited by 3
“A last-observation-carried-backward approach 33 was used for missing data on the pre-education assessment, and a last-observation-carried-forward approach 34 was used for missing data on the posteducation assessment.”
Donzelli, S., Loss, K. L., Zaina, F., & Négrini, S. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000001824 · Cited by 3
“All the efforts should be addressed to minimize missing, report missing data, and define whether they are missing at random and will guide the choice on how to manage missing imputation.(40,41) The statistical analysis plan is of paramount importance even in observational design studies.”
BackgroundMurphy, E., Toor, T., Palyo, S. A., Librodo, S., Schopmeyer, K. A., Simmons, A. N., & Strigo, I. A. (2024) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001243 · Cited by 3
“…patients from the treatment programs, we used an intent to treat (ITT) analysis by using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) imputation method 32 for the psychological measures POQ, PCS, and ISI for the 64 In-Person patients and 24 Virtual patients that did not have post-treatment measures.”
Ketcheson, L. R., Loetzner, F., Wentz, C. F., Miller, S., & Pitchford, E. A. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3231 · Cited by 4
“These are reasonable and sound methods (Gupta, 2011; Streiner & Geddes, 2001), but likely underestimate the potential effects of the intervention.”
González-Lozoya, S. M., Meza-Kubo, V., Rodríguez, A. D., Ramírez-Fernández, C., Valerio, E. B., Moreyra-Jiménez, L., & Morán, A. L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281338 · Cited by 3
Rodríguez, L. A., Barquera, S., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Sepúlveda-Amor, J., Sánchez‐Romero, L. M., Denova‐Gutiérrez, E., Balderas-Arteaga, N., Loaeza, L. M., Handley, M. A., Basu, S., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106067 · Cited by 3
Bristow artroscópico: Avaliação da segurança e da eficácia, 12 anos de experiência
Garcia, J. C. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1697972 · Cited by 2
Behavioural Activation for Depression: a systematic review and controlled clinical trial
Ekers, D. (2011) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2
Low Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Tendinopathy With Emphasis on the Achilles Tendon
Tumilty, S. J. (2010) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 2
Geddes, J. R. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470976739.ch15 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTorres, C. R. G., Mailart, M. C., Pinatti, R., da Silva, D. F., Moreira, J. C., Pereira, T. C., Ruano, V., de Holanda, M. A. R., Barros, P., Campos, R. P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106108 · Cited by 1
Ransom, D. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Mehta, P., Claydon, L. S., Mani, R., Hendrick, P. A., & Baxter, D. G. (2014) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/1743288x14y.0000000157 · Cited by 1
Mitchell, J. W., Bursac, Z., Díaz, D. A., Reyes-Díaz, M., Silva‐Santisteban, A., & Konda, K. A. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/63106 · Cited by 1
“An intention to treat approach [55-57] will be used to include all enrolled participants in the analysis.”
MethodEdvard Munch (1863-1944) The Scream
Pitman, A. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.198.1.72 · Cited by 1
How to design a study that everyone will believe
Campillo, A., Coyne, C. J., & Luna, J. A. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118643440.ch19 · Cited by 1
Pfeifer, L. (2016) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 1
Análisis por intención de tratamiento: su importancia en psiquiatría
Gómez–Restrepo, C., & Benavides, M. O. (2006) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)
Rullander, A. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Adolescents' experiences of undergoing scoliosis surgery
Rullander, A. (2015)
Stattin, H., Enebrink, P., Özdemir, M., & Giannotta, F. (2016) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-016-0032-2
EVALUATING A BYSTANDER INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON REPRODUCTIVE COERCION
Starnes, C. P. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.507
Missing Outcome Data in a Naturalistic Psychodynamic Group Therapy Study
Jensen, H. H., Mortensen, E. L., & Lötz, M. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.83027
“…such as multiple imputation or last-observation-carried-forward (Bell, Kenward, Fairclough, & Horton, 2013), the main drawback of all methods of estimating outcomes in the absence of actual data, is that they introduce uncertainty about what really happened to the patient (Streiner & Geddes, 2001).”
Ambulante interdisziplinäre Kopfschmerzbehandlung
Christiansen, S. (2016) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-016-0144-3
“Um fehlende Werte zu ersetzen, wurde die Lastobservation-carried-forward-Methode [17] verwendet.”
BackgroundThe Feasibility of a Binge Eating Intervention in African-American Women who are Overweight or Obese
Goode, R. W. (2017) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Improving Pain Care Using Psychosocial Screening and Patient Education among Veterans
Cosio, D. (2021) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.2004267
“A last-observation–carried-backward approach (Blankers, Koeter, & Schippers, 2010) was used for missing data on the pre-education screening and a last-observation–carried forward approach (Streiner & Geddes, 2001) was used for missing data on the post-education screening.”
MethodOperasjonssykepleierens vurdering av egen kompetanse i forhold til arbeidskrav
Wevling, A. B., Halstensen, T.-D., & Johansson, I. S. (2015) · Sykepleien Forskning · doi:10.4220/sykepleienf.2015.54300
Nair, P. M. K., Silwal, K., Kodali, P. B., Sharma, H., & Tewani, G. R. (2023) · Open Health · doi:10.1515/ohe-2023-0010
Cognitive behavioural therapy for non-cardiac chest pain
Brown, S. L. (2013) · ERA
Parasin, P., Siritaratiwat, W., Prasertnoo, J., & Peungsuwan, P. (2011) · Archives of Allied Health Sciences
Gupta, S., Mohapatra, N. R., Patil, N. S., Kumar, G., Tomar, A., Benjamin, J., Thomas, S. S., Shastry, V., Thapar, S., Sindwani, G., et al. (2026) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1097/lvt.0000000000000972
Metadata
- Authors
- Streiner, D., & Geddes, J.
- Affiliations
- Editors, Evidence-Based Mental Health
- Venue
- Evidence Based Mental Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 70-71
- ISSN
- 1362-0347 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-960X
- OpenAlex
- W2150091817
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Evidence-Based Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- intention-to-treat analysis, missing data, clinical trials, missing data mechanisms, bias in treatment effect estimation
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Patient Dropouts, Models, Statistical
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