Cited by 477Gastrointestinal motility and disordersPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsInfant Health and Development

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Irritable bowel syndrome in general practice: prevalence, characteristics, and referral

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Thompson, W G, Heaton, K W, Smyth, G T, Smyth, C·2000·Gut

DOI 10.1136/gut.46.1.78PMC PMC1727778

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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little is known about the prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, attitude, and referral to specialists of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in general practice. This study aimed to determine these characteristics. METHODS: 3111 patients attending 36 general practitioners (GPs) at six varied locations in and near Bristol, UK, were screened to identify those with a gastrointestinal problem. These patients (n=255) and their doctors were given questionnaires. Six months later the case notes were examined to reach criteria based diagnoses of functional bowel disorders. RESULTS: Of 255 patients with a gastrointestinal complaint, 30% were judged to have IBS and 14% other functional disorders. Compared with 100 patients with an “organic” diagnoses, those with IBS were more often women and more often judged by their GP to be polysymptomatic and to have unexplained symptoms. The majority of patients with IBS (58%) were diagnosed as such by the GP; 22% had other functional diagnoses. Conversely, among 54 patients diagnosed as having IBS by the GPs, the criteria based diagnosis was indeed functional in 91%; only one patient had organic disease (proctitis). More patients with IBS than those with organic disease feared cancer. In most some fear remained after the visit to the doctor. On logistic regression analysis, predictors of referral to a specialist (29% referred) were denial of a role for stress, multiple tests, and frequent bowel movements. CONCLUSIONS: Half the patients with gut complaints seen by GPs have functional disorders. These are usually recognised, and few patients are referred. In IBS, cancer fears often remain, suggesting unconfident diagnosis or inadequate explanation.

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Application of the Rome III criteria is not likely to reduce the number of unnecessary referrals for colonoscopy in primary care
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Relevancia y necesidades del síndrome del intestino irritable (SII): comparación con la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). (Por favor, si no te interesa el SII, léelo.)
Mearin, F., Sans, M., & Balboa, A. (2022) · Gastroenterología y Hepatología · doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2021.12.008 · Cited by 3
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Prevalence and Sociodemographic, Clinical and Lifestyle Features of Patients Admitted to Family Medicine Policlinic
Uzan, M., Polat, A. O., Ozan, G. S., Toprak, D., Karasu, E., Sarıkaya, D., & Mergen, H. (2018) · Ankara Medical Journal · doi:10.17098/amj.502573 · Cited by 3
Symptoms and Tests for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Diagnosing a Complex Disorder
Longstreth, G. F. (2009) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.025 · Cited by 3
Prevalence and Quality of Life in Qashqai Migrating Nomads with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Southern Iran
Masoumi, S. J., Moradi, F., Mehrabani, D., Khademolhosseni, F., Mostaghni, A., Zare, N., Salehi, M., Montazeri, A., & Saberifiroozi, M. (2009) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · Cited by 3
Supporting community patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Mason, I. (2014) · Cited by 3
Vezels zijn maar weinig effectief bij het prikkelbaredarmsyndroom: een systematische review
Bijkerk, R., Muris, J. W. M., Knottnerus, J. A., Hoes, A. W., & de Wit, N. J. (2005) · Huisarts en Wetenschap · doi:10.1007/bf03084453 · Cited by 3
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Ford, A. (2019) · Evidence-based Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4e · doi:10.1002/9781119211419.ch20 · Cited by 3
Prescription of NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased faecal calprotectin levels in patients with functional bowel disorder: an observational study
Sandberg‐Janzon, A., & Karling, P. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2025.2512368 · Cited by 2
Polyethylene glycol compared to lactulose for constipation in pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial
Raj, V. I., Hassan, A., Hanafiah, N., Azhary, J. M. K., Lim, B. K., Saaid, R., Gan, F., & Tan, P. C. (2024) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.15431 · Cited by 2
Negative predictive value of fecal immunochemical testing in significant bowel disease screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Junhai, Z., Fei, L., Jixiang, Z., Xie, H., Cheng, T., & Weiguo, D. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001844 · Cited by 2
“Patients with complaints of lower bowel symptoms are common in primary care settings [1] ; however, only 22 – 37% of patients with lower bowel symptoms are eventually diagnosed with signi ﬁ cant bowel diseases (SBD), including colorectal cancer (CRC), high-risk adenoma (HRA), and in ﬂ ammatory…”
Economic Evaluations of Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Treating Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction: A Scoping Review
Pak, A., O’Grady, M., Holtmann, G., Shah, A., & Tuffaha, H. (2024) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-024-01455-y · Cited by 3
“Disorders of gut-brain interaction have been the leading GI cause for general practitioner consultations and referrals to specialists [5–7 , 9].”
Croyances mystiques et syndrome de l’intestin irritable chez le patient noir africain
N’Dri-Yoman, T., Mahassadi, A. K., Touré, A. F., Bathaix, F. M. Y., Anzouan-Kacou, H. Y. K., Bangoura, D., Doffou, S., & ATTIA, A. K. (2010) · Journal Africain d Hépato-Gastroentérologie · doi:10.1007/s12157-010-0168-8 · Cited by 2
Does coeliac disease affect colorectal practice?
Sanders, D. S., Hurlstone, D. P., & Brown, S. R. (2006) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-006-0234-2 · Cited by 2
Gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome
Smith, G. D. (2017) · Gastrointestinal Nursing · doi:10.12968/gasn.2017.15.7.20 · Cited by 2
A 54-Year-Old Woman With Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Lembo, A. J. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.8.925 · Cited by 2
When to Reconsider the Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Hammerle, C. W., & Crowe, S. E. (2011) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.011 · Cited by 2
Introduction
Kessler, R. S., & Stafford, D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76894-6_1 · Cited by 2
La alimentación en el síndromedel intestino irritabletie
Ramírez, F. B., Mas, M. T., Núñez, C. G., Jiménez, N. R., & Vargas, M. R. (2018) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.fmc.2017.07.006 · Cited by 2
Irritable bowel syndrome in the general population : epidemiology, comorbidity and societal costs
Hillilä, M. T. (2010) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 2
Síndrome del intestino irritable: una enfermedad con una elevada carga socioeconómica y sanitaria
Pique, J. M., & Lanas, Á. (2006) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1157/13090428 · Cited by 2
Time cluster and symptom character of 402 outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome
Xu, X., Li, D., Song, G., Zhou, H.-Q., & Liu, Q. (2003) · World Chinese Journal of Digestology · doi:10.11569/wcjd.v11.i8.1234 · Cited by 2
Probiotics in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in General Practice: A Real-World Narrative ReviewPreprint
Ferrarini, F., & Milazzo, G. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0312.v1 · Cited by 2
State of health of the gut microbiome assessed through a quantitative metabolomic-based marker panelPreprint
DeLeon, O., Frith, M., Sidebottom, A. M., Koval, J., Lolans, K., Ceccato, H. D., Cham, C. M., Fei, N., Wall, E., Kupfer, S. S., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.14.24319815 · Cited by 2
Irritable Bowel Syndrome–a Neurological Spine Problem
Bertilson, B. C. (2014) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/bjmmr/2014/9746 · Cited by 1
“IBS affects 10-20% of the general population [2] and might account for 30% of referrals to gastroenterologists [3].”
Background
Clinical and Psychosocial Characteristics of Adult Primary Care IBS Patients: A Post hoc Analysis of the DOMINO Study
Wils, R., Broeders, B., den Houte, K. V., Tack, J. F., & Carbone, F. (2026) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.70276 · Cited by 1
İrritabl barsak sendromu ve kolonoskopi
Kasap, E., Semiz, H. S., Gerçeker, E., & Yüceyar, H. (2015) · Endoskopi Gastrointestinal · doi:10.17940/endoskopi.74858 · Cited by 1
Definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, natural history
Tzouvala, M. (2007) · Annals of Gastroenterology · Cited by 1

Authors: Thompson, W. G., Heaton, K. W., Smyth, G. T., & Smyth, C.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Thompson, W G
ORCID: Thompson, W G
Venue: Gut
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2000-01-01
Volume: 46
Issue: 1
Pages: 78-82
ISSN: 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
1468-3288
DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.1.78
PMC: PMC1727778
OpenAlex: W2137007351
Cited by: 477
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 25.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Gut (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
Keywords: irritable bowel syndrome, functional bowel disorders, general practice, prevalence, specialist referral, fear of cancer, diagnostic criteria, proctitis
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude to Health, Colonic Diseases, Functional, England, Family Practice, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Referral and Consultation, Cohort Studies, Prevalence

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Irritable bowel syndrome in general practice: prevalence, characteristics, and referral

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