Sudden death in children and adolescents
Abstract
Mast cells secrete multiple cytokines and play an important role in allergic inflammation. Although it is widely accepted that bacteria infection occasionally worsens allergic airway inflammation, the mechanism has not been defined. In this study, we show that LPS induced Th2-associated cytokine production such as IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 from mast cells and also synergistically enhanced production of these cytokines induced by IgE cross-linking. LPS-mediated Th2-type cytokine production was abolished in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells derived from C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting that Toll-like receptor 4 is essential for the cytokine production. Furthermore, we found that mitogen-activated protein kinases including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 kinase were activated by LPS stimulation in bone marrow-derived mast cells. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation has little effect on LPS-mediated cytokine production. In contrast, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation significantly suppressed both IL-10 and IL-13 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, although inhibition of p38 did not down-regulate the mRNA induction, it moderately decreased all three cytokine productions by LPS. These results indicate that LPS-mediated production of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 was distinctly regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our findings may indicate a clue to understanding the mechanisms of how bacteria infection worsens the clinical features of asthma.
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The median of published sudden death rates in children is 1.2-1.3/100,000/year.
“The median of these published sudden death rates in children is at 1.2–1.3/100,000/year.”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [159]
Sudden death occurs only rarely in the general paediatric population.
“In contrast to adults, sudden death occurs only rarely in the general paediatric population.”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [159]
Sudden death rates in children range from 0.8 to 8.5/100,000 patient-years.
“Sudden death rates range from 0.8 to 8.5/100,000 patient-years [20, 30, 98, 99, 159].”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [159]
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- Authors
- Wren, C.
- Affiliations
- Freeman Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wren, Christopher
- ORCID
- Wren, Christopher
- Venue
- Heart
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 426-431
- ISSN
- 1355-6037 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-201X
- OpenAlex
- W4235504731
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Heart (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- sudden death, sudden cardiac death, children, adolescents, sudden infant death syndrome, sudden cardiac arrest
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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