Warfarin reversal
Open accessAbstract
Warfarin is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant in the UK. It is associated with few side effects apart from haemorrhage. The most appropriate way to reverse the anticoagulant effect of warfarin depends on the clinical circumstances. In serious bleeding, rapid reversal is required, whereas in minor bleeding or asymptomatic over anticoagulation, a more leisurely approach is usually appropriate. This review discusses the current approaches to warfarin reversal in clinical practice. The development of a uniform approach to warfarin reversal in the Northern Region is described.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For patients on VKAs, fresh frozen plasma restores coagulation more rapidly than vitamin K.
“For VKAs, administration of fresh frozen plasma restores coagulation more rapidly than vitamin K, and prothrombin complex concentrates achieve even faster blood coagulation.505”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [505]
For patients on VKAs, prothrombin complex concentrates achieve faster blood coagulation than fresh frozen plasma.
“For VKAs, administration of fresh frozen plasma restores coagulation more rapidly than vitamin K, and prothrombin complex concentrates achieve even faster blood coagulation.505”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [505]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Palareti, G., Leali, N., COCCHERI, S., Poggi, M., Manotti, C., D’Angelo, A., Pengo, V., Erba, N., Moia, M., CIAVARELLA, N., et al. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01109-9 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Aithal, G. P., Day, C. P., Kesteven, P. J., & Daly, A. K. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04474-2 · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Intracranial Hemorrhage in Outpatients Taking Warfarin
Hylek, E. M., & Singer, D. E. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00001 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Anticoagulant-related bleeding: Clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention
Landefeld, C. S., & Beyth, R. J. (1993) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(93)90285-w · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Beyth, R. J., Quinn, L., & Landefeld, C. S. (1998) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00198-3 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Complications of Chronic Anticoagulation: A Multicenter Study
Fihn, S. D., McDonell, M., Martin, D., Henikoff, J. G., Vermes, D., Kent, D., White, R. H., & for the Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group* (1993) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-118-7-199304010-00005 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Managing Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
Ansell, J., Hirsh, J., Dalen, J. E., Bussey, H. I., Anderson, D., Poller, L., Jacobson, A. K., Deykin, D., & Matchar, D. B. (2001) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.22s · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Oral Anticoagulants and Intracranial Hemorrhage
Hart, R. G., Boop, B. S., & Anderson, D. C. (1995) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.26.8.1471 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy. An analysis of risk factors
van der Meer, F. J. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.153.13.1557 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Bleeding Complications in Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
van der Meer, F. J. M. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410130073007 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Makris, M., Greaves, M., Phillips, W. S., Kitchen, S., Rosendaal, F. R., & Preston, F. E. (1997) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1655992 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Taube, J. M., Halsall, D. J., & Baglin, T. P. (2000) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v96.5.1816 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
MRI evidence of past cerebral microbleeds in a healthy elderly population
Roob, G., Schmidt, R., Kapeller, P., Lechner, A., Hartung, H., & Fazekas, F. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.5.991 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Guidelines on oral anticoagulation: third edition
(1998) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00715.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Warfarin-associated hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Rosand, J., Hylek, E. M., O’Donnell, H. C., & Greenberg, S. M. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.7.947 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia
Gorter, J. W., (SPIRIT), F. T. S. P. I. R. I. T., & Groups, E. A. F. T. (. S. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.6.1319 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Can Patients Be Anticoagulated After Intracerebral Hemorrhage?
Eckman, M. H., Rosand, J. M., Knudsen, K. A., Singer, D. E., & Greenberg, S. M. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000078311.18928.16 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Emergency reversal of anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Fredriksson, K. A., Norrving, B. G., & Strömblad, L. ‐. (1992) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.23.7.972 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Temporary Discontinuation of Warfarin Therapy: Changes in the International Normalized Ratio
White, R. H. R., McKittrick, T., Hutchinson, R., & Twitchell, J. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00006 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Deveras, R. A. E., & Kessler, C. M. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-11-200212030-00009 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Interindividual variability in sensitivity to warfarin-Nature or nurture?
Loebstein, R. (2001) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.117444 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Sjöblom, L., Hårdemark, H., Lindgren, A., Norrving, B. G., Fahlén, M., Samuelsson, M., Stigendal, L., Stockelberg, D., Taghavi, A., Wallrup, L., et al. (2001) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/hs1101.098523 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Prothrombin complex concentrate for oral anticoagulant reversal in neurosurgical emergencies
Cartmill, G. D. M. (2000) · British Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1080/02688690050175265 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Use of Factor IX Complex in Warfarin-related Intracranial Hemorrhage
Boulis, N. M., Bobek, M. P., Schmaier, A. H., & Hoff, J. T. (1999) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199911000-00020 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
The risk of intracerebral hemorrhage during oral anticoagulant treatment: A population study
Wintzen, A. R., de Jonge, H., Loeliger, E. A., & Bots, G. T. A. M. (1984) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410160505 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Watson, H. G., Baglin, T. P., Laidlaw, S., Makris, M., & Preston, F. E. (2001) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03070.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Phan, T. G., Koh, M., & Wijdicks, E. F. M. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.12.1710 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Leukoaraiosis is associated with warfarin-related hemorrhage following ischemic stroke
Smith, E. E., Rosand, J. M., Knudsen, K. A., Hylek, E. M., & Greenberg, S. M. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.193 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Preston, F. E., Laidlaw, S. T., Sampson, B., & Kitchen, S. (2002) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.0007-1048.2001.03295.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Sørensen, B., Johansen, P., Nielsen, G., Sørensen, J. C. H., & Ingerslev, J. (2003) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/00001721-200307000-00007 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomised controlled trial
Crowther, M. A., Julian, J. A., McCarty, D., Douketis, J. D., Kovacs, M. J., Biagoni, L., Schnurr, T., McGinnis, J., Gent, M., Hirsh, J., et al. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03125-1 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Rådberg, J., Olsson, J. E., & Rådberg, C. (1991) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.22.5.571 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Erhardtsen, E., Nony, P., DECHAVANNE, M., Ffrench, P., Boissel, J., & Hedner, U. K. E. (1998) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/00001721-199811000-00003 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Wijdicks, E. F. M., Schievink, W. I., Brown, R. D., & Mullany, C. J. (1998) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00053 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Thrombogenicity of Prothrombin Complex Concentrates
Köhler, M. (1999) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/s0049-3848(99)00079-1 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Hart, R. G., Benavente, O., & Pearce, L. A. (1999) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000015958 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The management of coumarin‐induced over‐anticoagulation
Makris, M., & Watson, H. G. (2001) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02908.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Lin, J., Hanigan, W. C., Tarantino, M. D., & Wang, J. C. K. (2003) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2003.98.4.0737 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Predisposing factors for enlargement of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients treated with warfarin
Minematsu, K., Naritomi, H., Sakata, T., Yamaguchi, T., & Yasaka, M. (2003) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1613443 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Evans, G., Luddington, R. J., & Baglin, T. P. (2001) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03214.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Correction of Excessive Anticoagulation with Low-Dose Oral Vitamin K1
Weibert, R. T., Le, D. T., Kayser, S. R., & Rapaport, S. I. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-12-199706150-00005 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Effective Reversal of Warfarin-lnduced Excessive Anticoagulation with Low Dose Mtamin K1
Shetty, H. G. M., Backhouse, G., Bentley, D. P., & Routledge, P. (1992) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1648371 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Complications of Preinjury Warfarin Use in the Trauma Patient
Mina, A. A., Bair, H. A., Howells, G. A., & Bendick, P. J. (2003) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000063271.05829.15 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
A mutation in the propeptide of Factor IX leads to warfarin sensitivity by a novel mechanism.
Chu, K. C., Wu, S. M., Stanley, T. E., Stafford, D. W., & High, K. A. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118956 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1.
Shetty, H. G. M., Backhouse, G., Bentley, D. P., et al. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Oldenburg, J., Quenzel, E., Harbrecht, U., Fregin, A., Kreß, W., Müller, C. R., Hertfelder, H.-J., Schwaab, R., Brackmann, H., & Hanfland, P. (1997) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.2213036.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Butler, & Tait, R. C. (1998) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.01078.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hermida, J., Zarza, J., Alberca, I., Montes, R., López, M. L., Molina, E., & Rocha, E. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.11.4237 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Veshchev, I., Elran, H., & Salame, K. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Oral Phytonadione for Excessive Anticoagulation
Patel, R. J., Witt, D. M., Saseen, J. J., Tillman, D. J., & Wilkinson, D. S. (2000) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.20.15.1159.34585 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Reversal of excessive effect of regular anticoagulation
Pengo, V., Banzato, A., Garelli, E., Zasso, A., & Biasiolo, A. (1993) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/00001721-199304050-00010 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Berwaerts, J., Dijkhuizen, R. S., Robb, O. J., & Webster, J. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.11.2558 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Analysis of risk factors involved in oral-anticoagulant-related intracranial haemorrhages
Berwaerts, J. (2000) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/93.8.513 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Treating Thrombosis in the 21st Century
Shapiro, S. S. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme038152 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Evaluation of Excessive Anticoagulation in a Group Model Health Maintenance Organization
Lousberg, T. R., Witt, D. M., Beall, D. G., Carter, B. L., & Malone, D. C. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.5.528 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Determination of bleeding risk using genetic markers in patients taking phenprocoumon
Hummers, E., Hess, S., Adham, I. M., Papke, T., Pieske, B. M., & Kochen, M. M. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-003-0580-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Crawley, F. (2000) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.69.3.396 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hung, A., Singh, S., & Tait, R. C. (2000) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02001.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Low Dose Oral Vitamin K to Reverse Acenocoumarol-induced Coagulopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Crowther, M. A., Steidl, L., Ultori, C., Mera, V., Dentali, F., Squizzato, A., Marchesi, C., Venco, A., & Ageno, W. (2002) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1613152 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Yasaka, M., Oomura, M., Ikeno, K., Naritomi, H., & Minematsu, K. (2003) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-002-0568-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Clinical experience with the use of clotting factor concentrates in oral anticoagulation reversal
Nitu, I. C., Perry, D., & Lee, C. A. (1998) · Clinical & Laboratory Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2257.1998.00161.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Genetic control of anticoagulation
Mannucci, P. M. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)00326-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hollowell, J., Ruigómez, A., Johansson, S., Wallander, M.-A. A., & García‐Rodríguez, L. A. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cosgriff, S. W. (1956) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-45-1-14 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wentzien, T. H., O’Reilly, R. A., & Kearns, P. J. (1998) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.114.6.1546 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Low-Dose Vitamin K Therapy in Excessively Anticoagulated Patients: A Dose-Finding Study
Brophy, M. T., Fiore, L. D., & Deykin, D. (1997) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1023/a:1008811421946 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Treatment of Warfarin-Associated Coagulopathy
Wilson, S. E., Douketis, J. D., & Crowther, M. A. (2001) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.120.6.1972 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Heit, J. A. (2003) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.124.3_suppl.40s · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Efficacy of rHuEPO in Cancer‐Related Anaemia
Samol, J., & Littlewood, T. J. (2003) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04129.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Major Bleeding Caused by Warfarin in a Genetically Susceptible Patient
Bloch, A., Ben‐Chetrit, E., Muszkat, M., & Caraco, Y. (2002) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.22.1.97.33491 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The use of oral vitamin K for reversal of over‐warfarinization
Pendry, K., Bhavnani, M., & Shwe, K. H. (2001) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02804.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Extreme warfarin sensitivity in siblings associated with multiple cytochrome P450 polymorphisms
Rafii, A., McGrath, S. D., Blinder, M. A., Buchman, T. G., Zehnbauer, B. A., & Freeman, B. D. (2001) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.1094 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The use of vitamin k for reversal of over-warfarinization in children
Bolton‐Maggs, P. H. B., & Brook, L. A. (2002) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03631_5.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Increased Sensitivity to Warfarin in Elderly Hispanics
Casner, P. R., & Sandoval, E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/00912700222011175 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reversal of coumarin-induced over-anticoagulation
Escobar, M. A. (2002) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03631_6.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Makris, M., & Watson, H. G. (2002) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03631_7.x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation, 3rd ed. Br J Haematol 1998;101:374-87.
- White RH, McKittrick T, Hutchinson R, et al. Temporary discontinuation of warfarin therapy: changes in the INR. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:40-2.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P. F., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castellà, M., Diener, H., Heidbüchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euw295 · Cited by 6,438 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210 · Cited by 6,418 · see citing works
Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Hemphill, J. C., Greenberg, S. M., Anderson, C. S., Becker, K. J., Bendok, B. R., Cushman, M., Fung, G. L., Goldstein, J. N., Macdonald, R. L., Mitchell, P. H., et al. (2015) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000069 · Cited by 3,992 · see citing works
Costanzo, M. R., Costanzo, M. R., Dipchand, A. I., Starling, R. C., Anderson, A. S., Chan, M. C. Y., Desai, S., Fedson, S., Fisher, P. W., Gonzales-Stawinski, G. V., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.05.034 · Cited by 1,647 · see citing works
Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Morgenstern, L. B., Hemphill, J. C., Anderson, C. S., Becker, K. J., Broderick, J. P., Connolly, E. S., Greenberg, S. M., Huang, J. N., Macdonald, R. L., Messe, S. R., et al. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e3181ec611b · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezw313 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Heidbüchel, H., Verhamme, P. B., Alings, M., Antz, M., Diener, H., Hacke, W., Oldgren, J., Sinnaeve, P., Camm, A. J., & Kirchhof, P. F. (2015) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euv309 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Guideline for Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracranial Hemorrhage
Frontera, J. A., Lewin, J. J., Rabinstein, A. A., Aisiku, I. P., Alexandrov, A. W., Cook, A. M., del Zoppo, G. J., Kumar, M. A., Peerschke, E. I. B., Stiefel, M., et al. (2015) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-015-0222-x · Cited by 713 · see citing works
The surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma
Ducruet, A. F., Grobelny, B. T., Zacharia, B. E., Hickman, Z. L., DeRosa, P., Anderson, K., Sussman, E. S., Carpenter, A. B., & Connolly, E. S. (2011) · Neurosurgical Review · doi:10.1007/s10143-011-0349-y · Cited by 521 · see citing works
The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage
Flaherty, M. L., D, B. M. K. M., Woo, D., Kleindorfer, D., Alwell, K., Sekar, P., Moomaw, C. J., Haverbusch, M. A., & Broderick, J. P. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000250340.05202.8b · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Therapeutic strategies for thrombosis: new targets and approaches
Mackman, N., Bergmeier, W., Stouffer, G. A., & Weitz, J. I. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0061-0 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Leissinger, C., Blatt, P. M., Hoots, W. K., & Ewenstein, B. M. (2007) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.21046 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Huttner, H. B., Schellinger, P. D., Hartmann, M., Köhrmann, M., Jüettler, E., Wikner, J., Mueller, S., Meyding‐Lamadé, U., Strobl, R., Mansmann, U., et al. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000221786.81354.d6 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Glund, S., Stangier, J., Schmohl, M., Ganßer, D., Norris, S. H., van Ryn, J., Lang, B. J., Ramael, S., Moschetti, V., Gruenenfelder, F. I., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60732-2 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Crowther, M. A., & Warkentin, T. E. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-120543 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Marchesi, C., Giorgi‐Pierfranceschi, M., Crowther, M. A., Garcia, D. A., Hylek, E. M., Witt, D. M., Clark, N. P., Squizzato, A., Imberti, D., Ageno, W., et al. (2011) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th11-01-0052 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated With Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
Steiner, T., Rosand, J. M., & Diringer, M. N. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000196989.09900.f8 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Evidence based diagnosis and management of chronic subdural hematoma: A review of the literature
Mehta, V. A., Harward, S. C., Sankey, E. W., Nayar, G., & Codd, P. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.050 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Prothrombin complex concentrates: an update.
Franchini, M., & Lippi, G. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.2450/2010.0149-09 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Management consensus guidance for the use of rivaroxaban – an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor
Kreutz, R. H., Llau, J. V., Norrving, B. G., Haas, S. K., & Turpie, A. G. G. (2012) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th12-03-0209 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Anticoagulants: A Short History, Their Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Indications
Heestermans, M., Poénou, G., Hamzeh‐Cognasse, H., Cognasse, F., & Bertoletti, L. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11203214 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Schick, K. S., Fertmann, J. M., Jauch, K., & Hoffmann, J. N. (2009) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc8186 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Progression of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage after INR normalization with FFP
Lee, S. B., Manno, E. M., Layton, K. F., & Wijdicks, E. F. M. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238104.75563.2f · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Oral anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage
Cervera, Á., Amaro, S., & Chamorro, Á. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6153-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hanke, A., Joch, C., & Görlinger, K. (2013) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aes501 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Emergency Neurological Life Support: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Jauch, E. C., Pineda, J., & Hemphill, J. C. (2015) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-015-0167-0 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hemostatic and hemorrhagic problems in neurosurgical patients
Gerlach, R., Krause, M., Seifert, V., & Goerlinger, K. (2009) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-009-0409-z · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dickneite, G. (2006) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2006.05.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hereditary combined deficiency of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
Napolitano, M., Mariani, G., & Lapecorella, M. (2010) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-21 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wójcik, C., Schymik, M. L., & Cure, E. G. (2009) · International Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12245-009-0125-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dager, W. E., King, J. H., Regalia, R. C., Williamson, D., Gosselin, R. C., White, R. H. R., Tharratt, R. S., & Albertson, T. E. (2006) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.26.8.1091 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Warfarin-induced bleeding complications — clinical presentation and therapeutic options
Wiedermann, C. J., & Stockner, I. (2008) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/s0049-3848(08)70004-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Mortality in the Elderly
Herou, E., Romner, B., & Tomasevic, G. (2015) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.02.023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Atrial fibrillation in Sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, unmet needs, and treatment options
Stambler, B. S., & Ngunga, L. M. (2015) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s84537 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sousa, E. B., Brandão, L. F. D. S., Tavares, C. B., Borges, I. B. C., Neto, N. G. F., & Kessler, I. M. (2013) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/1471-2482-13-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Antivitamins for Medicinal Applications
Zelder, F., Sonnay, M., & Prieto, L. (2015) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201500072 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exploratory study on the reversal of warfarin with rFVIIa in healthy subjects
Skolnick, B. E., Mathews, D. R., Khutoryansky, N., Pusateri, A. E., & Carr, M. E. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-11-253492 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Current and future strategies to monitor and manage coagulation in ECMO patients
Shirejini, S. Z., Carberry, J., McQuilten, Z., Burrell, A. J. C., Gregory, S. D., & Hagemeyer, C. E. (2023) · Thrombosis Journal · doi:10.1186/s12959-023-00452-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
How I treat warfarin-associated coagulopathy in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage
Goodnough, L. T., & Shander, A. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-11-316075 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Brekelmans, M. P. A., van Ginkel, K., Daams, J. G., Hutten, B. A., Middeldorp, S., & Coppens, M. (2017) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-017-1506-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Stupnišek, M., Franjić, S., Drmić, D., Patrlj, M. H., Kolenc, D., Radić, B., Bojić, D., Včev, A., Seiwerth, S., & Sikirić, P. (2011) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.035 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Rosovsky, R. P. G., & Crowther, M. A. (2008) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.36 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Factor IX complex for the correction of traumatic coagulopathy
Joseph, B. A., Amini, A., Friese, R. S., Houdek, M. T., Hays, D. P., Kulvatunyou, N., Wynne, J. L., O’Keeffe, T., Latifi, R., & Rhee, P. (2012) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e318247c944 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Guías de actuación clínica en la hemorragia intracerebral
Rodríguez‐Yáñez, M., Castellanos, M., Freijo, M. D. M., Fernández, J. C. L., Martí‐Fábregas, J., Nombela, F., Simal, P., Castillo, J., Díez‐Tejedor, E., Fuentes, B., et al. (2011) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.03.010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Emergency Neurological Life Support: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Hemphill, J. C., & Lam, A. M. (2017) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-017-0453-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Practical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
Masotti, L., Napoli, M. D., Godoy, D. A., Rafanelli, D., Liumbruno, G. M., Koumpouros, N., Landini, G., Pampana, A., Cappelli, R., Poli, D., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00595.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Warfarin and intracranial haemorrhage
Appelboam, R., & Thomas, E. (2008) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2008.05.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Warfarin Reversal in Anticoagulant-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Goldstein, J. N., Rosand, J. M., & Schwamm, L. H. (2008) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-008-9049-z · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Karaca, M. A., Erbil, B., & Özmen, M. M. (2014) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.02.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Emergency Neurological Life Support: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Andrews, C. M., Jauch, E. C., Hemphill, J. C., Smith, W. S., & Weingart, S. D. (2012) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-012-9757-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lorenz, R. L., Kienast, J., Otto, U., Kiehl, M. G., Schreiter, D., Haertel, S., & Barthels, M. (2007) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/mbc.0b013e3282010d7a · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Siddiq, F., Jalil, A., McDaniel, C. M., Brock, D. G., Pineda, C. C., BELL, R. D., & Lee, K. (2007) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-007-9011-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bechtel, B. F., Nuñez, T. C., Lyon, J. A., Cotton, B. A., & Barrett, T. W. (2011) · International Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1865-1380-4-40 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Treatment of Acute Subdural Hematoma
Gerard, C. S., & Busl, K. M. (2013) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-013-0275-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
An evidence-based warfarin management protocol reduces surgical delay in hip fracture patients
Ahmed, I., Khan, M., Nayak, V. K., & Mohsen, A. (2013) · Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s10195-013-0274-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Massive, Fatal, Intracardiac Thrombosis Associated With Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
Warren, O. U., & Simon, B. (2009) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.12.027 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Burbury, K. L., Milner, A. D., Snooks, B., Jupe, D. M. L., & Westerman, D. (2011) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08787.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dabigatran bleed risk with closed head injuries: are we prepared?
Parra, M. W., Zucker, L., Johnson, E. S., Gullett, D., Avila, C., Wichner, Z. A., & Kokaram, C. R. (2013) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2013.3.jns12503 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Practical Review of the Emerging Direct Anticoagulants, Laboratory Monitoring, and Reversal Agents
Joppa, S., Salciccioli, J. D., Adamski, J., Patel, S. I., Wysokiński, W. E., McBane, R. D., Al‐Saffar, F., Esser, H., & Shamoun, F. E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7020029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Edavettal, M. M., Rogers, A. T., Rogers, F. B., Horst, M., & Leng, W. (2014) · The American Surgeon · doi:10.1177/000313481408000419 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sconce, E. A., & Kamali, F. (2006) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.0902-4441.2006.t01-1-ejh2957.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Clinical practice guidelines in intracerebral haemorrhage
Rodríguez‐Yáñez, M., Castellanos, M., Freijo, M. M., Fernández, J. C. L., Martí‐Fábregas, J., Nombela, F., Simal, P., Castillo, J., Díez‐Tejedor, E., Fuentes, B., et al. (2013) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.03.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Management dilemmas in patients with mechanical heart valves and warfarin-induced major bleeding
Panduranga, P. (2012) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v4.i3.54 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Benefits and Pitfalls of Point-of-Care Coagulation Testing for Anticoagulation Management
Wool, G. D. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqy087 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Özgönenel, B., O’Malley, B. A., Krishen, P., & Eisenbrey, A. B. (2007) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.20902 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bhatia, M., Talawadekar, G. D., Parihar, S., & Smith, A. J. (2010) · Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England · doi:10.1308/003588410x12664192075774 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kienhuis, A. S., van de Poll, M. C. G., Dejong, C. H. C., Gottschalk, R. W. H., van Herwijnen, M. H. M., Boorsma, A., Kleinjans, J. C. S., Stierum, R. H., & van Delft, J. H. M. (2009) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Emergency reversal of anticoagulation: The real use of prothrombin complex concentrates
Desmettre, T., Dubart, A.-E., Capellier, G., Fanara, B., Puyraveau, M., Kepka, S., Coquart, J. B., Sheppard, F., & Tazarourte, K. (2012) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2012.05.029 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Steiner, T., Freiberger, A., Griebe, M., Hüsing, J., Ivandic, B., Kollmar, R., Pfefferkorn, T., Wartenberg, K. E., Weimar, C., Hennerici, M. G., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00560.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Urgent reversal of vitamin K antagonist therapy
Vang, M. L., Hvas, A., & Ravn, H. B. (2011) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02414.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Safaoui, M. N., Aazami, R., Hotz, H. A., Wilson, M. T., & Margulies, D. R. (2008) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.04.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Point‐of‐care reversal treatment in phenprocoumon‐related intracerebral hemorrhage
Rizos, T., Jenetzky, E., Herweh, C., Hug, A., Hacke, W., Steiner, T., & Veltkamp, R. C. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21965 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kerebel, D., Joly, L., Honnart, D., Schmidt, J., Damien Galanaud, E., Négrier, C., Kursten, F. W., Coriat, P., & Lex206 Investigator Group (2013) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11923 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pabinger-Fasching, I. (2008) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/s0049-3848(08)70005-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Anticoagulant Reversal in Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Review of Treatment Guidelines
Milling, T. J., Refaai, M. A., & Sengupta, N. (2021) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06728-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Efficacy of Warfarin Reversal in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery Patients
Tharmarajah, P., Pusey, J., Keeling, D. M., & Willett, K. M. (2007) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/bot.0b013e31802c4f3c · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Appelboam, R., & Thomas, E. (2007) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0765-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Management of Warfarin Anticoagulation in Patients with Fractured Neck of Femur
Ashouri, F., Al-Jundi, W., Patel, A., & Mangwani, J. (2011) · ISRN Hematology · doi:10.5402/2011/294628 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Desmettre, T., Dehours, É., Samama, C. M., Jhundoo, S., Pujeau, F., Guillaudin, C.-H., Hecquart, C., Clerson, P., Crave, J. C., & Jaussaud, R. (2012) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11669 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Apweiler, M., Saliba, S. W., Sun, L., Streyczek, J., Normann, C., Hellwig, S., Bräse, S., & Fiebich, B. L. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02614-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Molaakbari, E., Mostafavi, A., Beitollahi, H., & Tohidiyan, Z. (2017) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.041 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Proximal femur fractures in patients taking anticoagulants
Papachristos, I. V., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2020) · EFORT Open Reviews · doi:10.1302/2058-5241.5.190071 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Intracerebral haemorrhage: an often neglected medical emergency
Marietta, M., Pedrazzi, P., Girardis, M., & Torelli, G. (2007) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-007-0009-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Treatment and monitoring of coagulation abnormalities in children undergoing heart surgery
Arnold, P. D. (2010) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03461.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Current State of Knowledge on Oral Anticoagulant Reversal Using Procoagulant Factors
Nitzki‐George, D., Wozniak, I., & Caprini, J. A. (2013) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1r724 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dabigatran Etexilate: A Review in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Blair, H. A., & Keating, G. M. (2017) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0699-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Siguret, V., Pautas, É., & Gouin‐Thibault, I. (2008) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(07)00012-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stewart, W. S., & Pettit, H. (2013) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2013.05.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Investigating cell type specific mechanisms contributing to acute oral toxicity
Prieto, P. (2018) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.1805181 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Reversal of Warfarin-Associated Coagulopathy in Geriatric Patients With Hip Fractures
Vitale, M. A., VanBeek, C., Spivack, J., Cheng, B., & Geller, J. A. (2011) · Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/2151458511417434 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wozniak, M., Kruit, A., Padmore, R., Giulivi, A., & Bormanis, J. (2012) · Transfusion and Apheresis Science · doi:10.1016/j.transci.2012.03.021 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Managing Bleeding in Anticoagulated Patients in the Emergency Care Setting
Pollack, C. V. (2013) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.03.016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Management of Excessive Anticoagulant Effect Due to Vitamin K Antagonists
Dentali, F., & Crowther, M. A. (2008) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.266 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Treating Warfarin-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Hemphill, J. C. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000195152.46506.3e · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prothrombin complex concentrate (Octaplex)
Carvalho, M. C., Rodrigues, A., Conceição, L. M., Galvão, M., & Ribeiro, L. C. (2012) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/mbc.0b013e328351250f · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Farsad, B. F., Golpira, R., Najafi, H., Totonchi, Z., Salajegheh, S., Bakhshandeh, H., & Hashemian, F. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
de Vrij, E. L., Bouma, H. R., Henning, R. H., & Cooper, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1207003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Suleria, H. A. R., Masci, P. P., Zhao, K., Addepalli, R., Chen, W., Osborne, S. A., & Gobe, G. C. (2017) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md15080240 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Morais, J., & Caterina, R. D. (2016) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-015-6632-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hanley, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Royal Victoria Infirmary (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hanley, J P
- ORCID
- Hanley, J P
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Pathology
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2004-10-27
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1132-1139
- ISSN
- 0021-9746 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-4146
- PMC
- PMC1770479
- OpenAlex
- W4237953286
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Pathology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Blood transfusion and management
- Keywords
- warfarin reversal, oral anticoagulants, anticoagulant reversal, hemorrhage, overanticoagulation, northern regions
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Anticoagulants, Blood Coagulation, Blood Coagulation Factors, Child, Coagulants, Drug Administration Schedule, Factor VII, Hemorrhage, Humans, Plasma, Recombinant Proteins, Vitamin K, Warfarin, Factor VIIa, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Intracranial Hemorrhages
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review