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Depression and early retirement: prospective population based study in middle aged men

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Karpansalo, M, Kauhanen, J, Lakka, T A, Manninen, P, Kaplan, G A, Salonen, J T·2005·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
DOI 10.1136/jech.2003.010702PMC PMC1763370
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Abstract

Background: Mental depression is an important health problem in many countries. It reduces productivity at work and is the fastest increasing reason for early retirement. Methods: This study followed up a Finnish cohort of 1726 men from 1984 to 2000. Depression was assessed at baseline by HPL depression score. Pension records were obtained from the national pension registers. Cox’s regression analysis was used to estimate the associations of depression with the risk of all disability pensions combined, separately for different causes of disability, and non-illness based pension. Results: During the follow up, 839 men (48.6%) received a disability pension. A total of 142 men (16.9% of all disability pensions) retired because of mental disorder and of these, 75 (52.8%) because of depression. After adjustment for the potential confounders, men in the highest third of depression score had an increased risk of non-illness based pension (RR 1.86 95% CI 1.37 to 2.51) and disability pension attributable to mental disorders (RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.68 to 4.46), chronic somatic diseases (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.71), cardiovascular diseases (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.32). The mean age of retirement for men with a high and low depression score was 57.6 years (SD 3.87) and 59.1 years (SD 3.65) (p<0.001) respectively. Conclusions: A high depression score predicted disability attributable to any cause, especially mental disorders, and non-illness based pensions. Depressed people retired on average 1.5 years younger than those without depression. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathways of how mental depression leads people to seek retirement pension.

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  • Common mental disorders are among the most important predictors of disability pensioning, especially in younger age groups, and associations are significant regardless of whether pensions are awarded for somatic or psychiatric disorders.

    “Common mental disorders are among the most important predictors of disability pensioning [3–6]; especially, in the younger age groups [7], and associations are significant regardless of whether the pensions are awarded for somatic or psychiatric disorders [8].”

    From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Adjusting for mood and anxiety disorders may be overly conservative because personality disorder symptoms overlap with anxiety and depression, potentially underestimating the true effects of personality disorders.

    “The symptoms might therefore work as mediators instead of confounders, making the adjustments overly conservative and underestimating the true effects of PDs.”

    From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Personality disorders are highly co-morbid with anxiety and depression, and these disorders are known to be associated with increased risk of disability pensioning.

    “PDs are highly co-morbid with anxiety and depression [35–38], and these disorders are known to be associated with an increased risk of disability pensioning [3–6].”

    From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [4]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Rothman K, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. 2nd ed. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott-Raven, 1998.
  2. Nitz N, Garrard J, Rolnick S, et al. Self-assessment of changes in health status by depressed and non-depressed elderly. Abstract Book of Association of Health Services Research 1998;15:190-1.
  3. Nordstro ¨m D, Vierkant R, Layde P, et al. Comparison of self-reported and expert-observed physical activities at work in a general population. Am J Ind Med 1998;34:29-35.

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Authors
Karpansalo, M., Kauhanen, J., Lakka, T. A., Manninen, P., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T.
Affiliations
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
  • Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
  • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
  • University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Karpansalo, M
ORCID
Lakka, T A
Venue
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2004-12-14
Volume
59
Issue
1
Pages
70-74
ISSN
  • 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
  • 0143-005X
  • 1470-2738
DOI
10.1136/jech.2003.010702
PMC
PMC1763370
OpenAlex
W2156761552
Cited by
163
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
FWCI
10.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Kela
  • Academy of Finland
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD047861)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
depression, early retirement, disability pension, mental illness, middle-aged men, retirement age, chronic somatic diseases, cardiovascular disease, labor productivity
MeSH terms
Adult, Mental Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Disability Evaluation, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Occupational Diseases, Pensions, Prospective Studies, Retirement, Risk Factors, Time Factors

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