Assessing housing quality and its impact on health, safety and sustainability
Abstract
Background: The adverse health and environmental effects of poor housing quality are well established. A central requirement for evidence-based policies and programmes to improve housing standards is a valid, reliable and practical way of measuring housing quality that is supported by policy agencies, the housing sector, researchers and the public. Methods: This paper provides guidance on the development of housing quality-assessment tools that link practical measures of housing conditions to their effects on health, safety and sustainability, with particular reference to tools developed in New Zealand and England. Results: The authors describe how information on housing quality can support individuals, agencies and the private sector to make worthwhile improvements to the health, safety and sustainability of housing. The information gathered and the resultant tools developed should be guided by the multiple purposes and end users of this information. Other important issues outlined include deciding on the scope, detailed content, practical administration issues and how the information will be analysed and summarised for its intended end users. There are likely to be considerable benefits from increased international collaboration and standardisation of approaches to measuring housing hazards. At the same time, these assessment approaches need to consider local factors such as climate, geography, culture, predominating building practices, important housing-related health issues and existing building codes. Conclusions: An effective housing quality-assessment tool has a central role in supporting improvements to housing. The issues discussed in this paper are designed to motivate and assist the development of such tools.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Housing is a critical social, cultural, and environmental determinant of health and well-being.
“Housing is a critical social, cultural, and environmental determinant of health and well-being (82, 83).”
From Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Housing and Health: Time Again for Public Health Action
Krieger, J., & Higgins, D. L. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.5.758 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
The Built Environment and Mental Health
Evans, G. W. (2003) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jurban/jtg063 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
WHO Regional Office for Europe
Tsechkovski, M. S. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91122-3 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report
Acheson, D. (1998) · Stationery Office eBooks · Cited by 775 · see citing works
It's about time: A comparison of Canadian and American time–activity patterns
Leech, J. A., Nelson, W. C., Burnett, R. T., Aaron, S. D., & Raizenne, M. E. (2002) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500244 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes
Fisk, W. J., Lei-Gomez, Q., & Mendell, M. J. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00475.x · Cited by 681 · see citing works
On the history of indoor air quality and health
Sundell, J. (2004) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00273.x · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Health Effects and Sources of Indoor Air Pollution. Part I
Samet, J. M., Marbury, M. C., & Spengler, J. D. (1987) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/136.6.1486 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children. A meta-analysis of modern studies
Needleman, H. L. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.263.5.673 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community
Howden-Chapman, P., Matheson, A., Crane, J., Viggers, H., Cunningham, M., Blakely, T., Cunningham, C., Woodward, A., Saville-Smith, K., O'Dea, D., et al. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39070.573032.80 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationEmissions of greenhouse gases in the United States
Armor, J. N. (1995) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/0926-3373(95)80037-9 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Low-Level Lead Exposure and the IQ of Children
Needleman, H. L. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440050067035 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Health effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studies
Thomson, H., Petticrew, M. P., & Morrison, D. S. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7306.187 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Howden‐Chapman, P., Pierse, N., Nicholls, S., Bennett, J., Viggers, H. E., Cunningham, M. J., Phipps, R., Boulic, M., Fjällström, P., Free, S., et al. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1411 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationHousehold crowding a major risk factor for epidemic meningococcal disease in Auckland children
Baker, M. G., McNicholas, A., Garrett, N., et al. (2000) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200010000-00009 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationEllaway, A., & Macintyre, S. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444314762.ch21 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Low-level lead exposure, social class, and infant development
Bellinger, D. C., Leviton, A., WATERNAUX, C. M., Needleman, H. L., & Rabinowitz, M. B. (1988) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/0892-0362(88)90084-0 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Deaths and Injuries from House Fires
Istre, G. R., McCoy, M., Osborn, L., Barnard, J. J., & Bolton, A. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200106213442506 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Energy, energy efficiency, and the built environment
Wilkinson, P., Smith, K. R., Beevers, S. D., Tonne, C. C., & Oreszczyn, T. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61255-0 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Retrofitting houses with insulation: a cost–benefit analysis of a randomised community trial
Chapman, R., Howden-Chapman, P., Viggers, H., O’Dea, D., & Kennedy, M. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.070037 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationHousing standards: a glossary of housing and health
Howden‐Chapman, P. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.011569 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health and the Environment
Freeman, H. (1978) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.132.2.113 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Housing, Fuel Poverty and Health: A Pan-European Analysis
Healy, J. (2004) · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Warm homes: Drivers of the demand for heating in the residential sector in New Zealand
Howden‐Chapman, P., Viggers, H. E., Chapman, R., O’Dea, D., Free, S., & O’Sullivan, K. C. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.023 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood housing conditions and later mortality in the Boyd Orr cohort
Dedman, D., Gunnell, D., Smith, G. D., & Frankel, S. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.1.10 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Role of Environmental Interventions in Injury Control and Prevention
Peek-Asa, C. L. (2003) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxg006 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Su, H.-J. J., Rotnitzky, A. G., Burge, H. A., & Spengler, J. D. (1992) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.58.1.181-186.1992 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Association between the number of home injury hazards and home injury
Keall, M., Baker, M. G., Howden‐Chapman, P., & Cunningham, M. J. (2007) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.10.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobial contamination of indoor air due to leakages from crawl space: a field study
Airaksinen, M., Pasanen, P. O., Kurnitski, J., & Seppänen, O. (2003) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1046/j.1600-0668.2003.00210.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Is Child Health at Risk While Families Wait for Housing Vouchers?
Sharfstein, J., Sandel, M. T., Kahn, R. S., & Bauchner, H. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.8.1191 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Home is where the heart is--most of the time.
Baker, M., Keall, M., Au, E. L., & Howden‐Chapman, P. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, G., Nm, W., & Moch, A. (1998) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hardy, H. L. (1968) · Scientist and Citizen · doi:10.1080/21551278.1968.9957618 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States, 1985--1990
USDOE Energy Information Administration, W., & USDOE, W. (1993) · doi:10.2172/10133183 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mental health and the environment
Rippere, V. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90022-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Methodology for assessment of Environmental burden of disease
Kay, D., Prüss, A., & Corvalán, C. (2000) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Houses, neighbourhoods and health
Mackenbach, J. P. (2002) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/12.3.161 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
In Search of a Common European Approach to a Healthy Indoor Environment
Adan, O. C. G., Ng-A-Tham, J. E. E., Hanke, W., Sigsgaard, T., van den Hazel, P., & Wu, F. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8991 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A qualitative review of housing hazard assessment protocols in the United States
Jacobs, D. E. (2006) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Davidson, M., Roys, M., Nicol, S. P., et al. (2010) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Checklist healthy housing for tenants and home owners
Hasselaar, E. (2004) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ruming, K. J. (2011) · Australian Planner · doi:10.1080/07293682.2010.517764 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Housing, Neighbourhoods and Health
Dunn, J. R. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00343-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Healthy Housing Index Pilot Study
Kainga, H. (2007) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [30]30. Ormandy DA. Health based approach to the assessment of unsatisfactory housing d the UK's Housing Health & Safety Rating System . Forli, Italy: WHO Housing & Health Symposium, 2002.
- [48]48. Jacobs DE. Healthy housing standards: fragmentation or harmonization. 5th Warwick Healthy Housing Conference . Warwick: 2008.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being
Howden-Chapman, P., Bennett, J., Edwards, R., Jacobs, D., Nathan, K., & Ormandy, D. (2023) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-111836 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationIngham, T., Keall, M., Jones, B., Aldridge, D. R. T., Dowell, A. C., Davies, C., Crane, J., Draper, J. B., Bailey, L. O., Viggers, H., et al. (2019) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212979 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationKeall, M. D., Crane, J., Baker, M. G., Wickens, K., Howden-Chapman, P., & Cunningham, M. (2012) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-11-33 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationFeng, I.-M., Chen, J.-H., Zhu, B.-W., & Xiong, L. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10030722 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Yet, housing is an important health-related determinant for the residents’ health and safety as well as sustainable development [7].”
BackgroundLiao, C., Varcoe, C., Brown, H., & Pike, I. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19866-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…facilities for food storage and preparation, limited access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities, presence of household pests such as cockroaches, mice, and rats, exposure to noise pollution, and risk of asbestos exposure are some examples of inadequate housing conditions [7, 8].”
Background
- Authors
- Keall, M., Baker, M. G., Howden-Chapman, P., Cunningham, M., & Ormandy, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Building Research Association of New Zealand (NZ)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Keall, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 765-771
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- OpenAlex
- W2112282290
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Keywords
- housing quality, housing safety, housing sustainability, housing standards, housing policy, New Zealand, England
- MeSH terms
- Building Codes, Conservation of Natural Resources, England, Environmental Pollution, Health Status, Housing, Humans, New Zealand, Quality Control, Safety, Ventilation, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review