A measure for quantifying the impact of housing quality on respiratory health: a cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Damp and mould in homes have been established as risk factors for respiratory health. There is a need for a relatively straightforward assessment of the home that quantifies this risk. METHODS: Using data from 891 New Zealand houses, the utility of a Respiratory Hazard Index quantifying key attributes related to damp and mould was tested by studying its associations with self-reported respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: A dose-response relationship was found whereby each unit increase in the Respiratory Hazard Index was associated with an 11% increase in the odds of at least one episode of wheezing/whistling in the chest over the last 12 months (relative odds of 1.11 with a 95% CI 1.04%-1.20%). An 11% increase in the odds of an asthma attack over the last 12 months was estimated (relative odds of 1.11 with a 95% CI 1.01%-1.22%). These estimates were adjusted for household crowding levels, age, sex and smoking status. There was suggestive evidence of more steeply increasing odds of respiratory symptoms with increasing levels of the Respiratory Hazard Index for children aged under 7. In the worst performing houses according to the Index, a 33% reduction in the number of people experiencing respiratory symptoms (relative risk 0.67 with 95% CI 0.53 to 0.85) could be expected if people were housed in the best performing houses. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that increased evidence of housing conditions supporting dampness and mould was associated with increased odds of respiratory symptoms. A valid housing assessment tool can provide a rational basis for investment in improved housing quality to improve respiratory health.
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Housing is a critical social, cultural, and environmental determinant of health and well-being.
“Housing is a critical social, cultural, and environmental determinant of health and well-being (82, 83).”
From Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
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Additional file 1 of Housing typologies and asthma: a scoping review
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Household Cohort Study in New Zealand
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- Authors
- Keall, M. D., Crane, J., Baker, M. G., Wickens, K., Howden-Chapman, P., & Cunningham, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Building Research Association of New Zealand (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Keall, Michael D
- Venue
- Environmental Health
- Published
- 2012-05-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-33
- ISSN
- 1476-069X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3410778
- OpenAlex
- W2123528005
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Keywords
- housing quality, dampness, molds, respiratory symptoms, wheezing, asthma, dose-response relationship, children's respiratory health, household crowding
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Asthma, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fungi, Housing, Humans, Humidity, Infant, Middle Aged, New Zealand, Odorants, Respiratory Sounds, Risk, Risk Factors, Seasons, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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