Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor
Open accessAbstract
The effect of changes in mechanical limb properties on the peak frequency of different tremor forms was analysed. Wrist tremor was recorded by an accelerometer fixed to the dorsum of the hand and demodulated surface EMG was recorded from the wrist extensors, while the extended hand was loaded with successively heavier weights. Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system. Also the peak frequency of activated physiological tremor characterised by increased synchronisation between motor units decreased in frequency with increasing loads. EMG spectra showed clear peaks of activity at the various mechanically determined tremor frequencies. In contrast, in two pathological tremor forms, the postural tremor in Parkinsonian patients and essential tremor, peak frequency tended to remain stable irrespective of changes in load. The method therefore allows a simple distinction between physiological and these two pathological tremors.
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- Findingown data
In non-activated physiological tremor, there is a clear shift of dominant tremor rate to lower frequencies with increasing weights.
“There is a clear shift of dominant tremor rate to lower frequencies with increasing weights.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Physiological tremor is characterised by flat EMG spectra.
“Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Physiological tremor peak frequency gradually decreases with increasing load.
“Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In activated physiological tremor, dominant tremor rate decreases with increasing load.
“similar to the findings in non-activated physiological tremor the dominant tremor rate decreases with increasing load.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In non-activated physiological tremor, at higher loads clearer peaks become apparent in EMG spectra at frequencies around 10 Hz.
“At higher loads however, clearer peaks become apparent in the EMG spectra, at frequencies of around 10 Hz.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In non-activated physiological tremor, tremor peak frequencies in the unloaded condition varied between 80 and 102 Hz.
“Tremor peak frequencies in the unloaded condition varied between 80 and 102 Hz.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At very high loadings, which require increased force output, a synchronised neural activity at around 10 Hz becomes apparent.
“Both physiological and activated physiological tremors show a divergence of accelerometer and EMG peak frequencies at higher loads: at very high loadings, which require increased force output, a synchronised neural activity at around 10 Hz becomes apparent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both physiological and activated physiological tremors show a divergence of accelerometer and EMG peak frequencies at higher loads.
“Both physiological and activated physiological tremors show a divergence of accelerometer and EMG peak frequencies at higher loads: at very high loadings, which require increased force output, a synchronised neural activity at around 10 Hz becomes apparent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In activated physiological tremor, concomitant EMG spectra show distinct peaks that also decrease in frequency in parallel to the change of mechanical resonant frequency.
“But the concomitant EMG spectra show distinct peaks that also decrease in frequency in parallel to the change of mechanical resonant frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In non-activated physiological tremor, tremor power monotonically decreased with increasing loadings.
“Tremor power monotonically decreased with increasing loadings (see fig 7A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In two pathological tremor forms, postural tremor in Parkinsonian patients and essential tremor, peak frequency tends to remain stable irrespective of changes in load.
“In contrast, in two pathological tremor forms, the postural tremor in Parkinsonian patients and essential tremor, peak frequency tended to remain stable irrespective of changes in load.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In activated physiological tremor, EMG spectra show clear peaks of activity at the various mechanically determined tremor frequencies.
“EMG spectra showed clear peaks of activity at the various mechan- ically determined tremor frequencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In non-activated physiological tremor, these peaks in EMG spectra occur at considerably higher frequencies than peaks of accelerometer readings.
“These peaks in the EMG spectra occur at considerably higher fre- quencies than the peaks of the accelerometer read- ings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In activated physiological tremor, tremor peak frequency in the unloaded condition varied between 6 Hz and 8-3 Hz.
“In this group of patients with activated physiological tremor, tremor peak frequency in the unloaded condition varied between 6 Hz and 8-3 Hz.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In essential tremor, total tremor power was higher than in the groups with physiological tremors.
“Total tremor power was higher than in the groups with physiological tremors (group mean = 195g2 x l0-', range = 45 to 604 in the unloaded condition.)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In activated physiological tremor, total tremor power was considerably higher than in the group with physiological tremor.
“Total tremor power was considerably higher than in the group with physiological tremor (group mean = 38-0 g2 x 10 -3, range = 10-2 to 64 8) in the unloaded condition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
This tremor component is not modified by loading.
“This tremor component is not modified by loading.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The results show that in patients with essential or Parkinsonian postural tremor the frequency response to loading the hand is different from that observed in physiological and activated physiological tremor.
“The results show that in patients with essential or Parkinsonian postural tremor the frequency response to loading the hand is different from that observed in physiological and acti- vated physiological tremor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In non-activated physiological tremor, average spectra of demodulated EMG reveal no consistent peaks at loads up to 200 grams.
“Correspondingly the average spectra of the demodulated EMG reveal no consistent peaks at loads up to 200 grams.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In both physiological and activated physiological tremor, accelerometer peak frequency decreases with increasing load.
“Whereas both types of physiological tremor show a similar decrease of peak frequency with increasing loads”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“whereas both phys- iological and activated physiological tremors show a clear decrease in peak frequency with increasing load”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
- Findingown data
In physiological and activated physiological tremor, the amplitude reduction follows a monotonic trend.
“In physiological and activated physiological tremor the amplitude reduction follows a monotonic trend.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Parkinsonian patients, the EMG showed a reciprocal pattern of agonist and antagonist activity.
“The EMG showed a reciprocal pattern of agonist and antagonist activity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Parkinsonian patients, tremor frequencies in the unloaded condition ranged between 4-5 and 6 9 Hz.
“Tremor frequencies in the unloaded condition in this group ranged between 4-5 and 6 9 Hz.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In both pathological tremor groups, the effect of higher loadings on total tremor power is less pronounced than in physiological tremors.
“this effect is less pro- nounced in both pathological tremor groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After treatment of this patient with levodopa, this high amplitude low frequency tremor is replaced by a physiological force tremor.
“After treatment of this patient with levodopa this high amplitude low frequency tremor is replaced by a physiological force tremor (right panel).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In physiological tremor, the EMG pattern lacks obvious grouping at both low and high loadings.
“In contrast the EMG pattern of a subject with physiological tremor (fig 4A) lacks obvi- ous grouping at both low and high loadings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In essential tremor, ongoing EMG reveals a clear grouping of bursts of activity at 7-8 Hz unaffected by adding various loads.
“Ongoing EMG correspondingly reveals a clear grouping of bursts of activity at 7-8 Hz unaffected by adding various loads”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Essential tremor has a stable pattern of simultaneous activity in agonist (wrist extensor) and antagonist (wrist flexor) muscles.
“with a stable pattern of simultaneous activity in ago- nist (wrist extensor) and antagonist (wrist flexor) muscles (fig4B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In both essential and Parkinsonian tremors, the prominent peaks in the EMG and in the accelerometer spectra always occurred at the same frequencies.
“The prominent peaks in the EMG and in the accelerometer spectra always occurred at the same frequencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
This separate neural tremor component around 10 Hz was independent from changes in mechanical resonant frequency.
“This tremor component was independent from changes in mechanical resonant frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In essential and Parkinsonian tremors, accelerometer peak frequency remains nearly constant independent of changes in the mechanical state of the limb.
“all Parkinsonian and essential tremors show a nearly constant peak frequency independent from changes in the mechani- cal state of the limb.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“the dominant rates of both essential and Parkinsonian tremors are not affected by mechanical changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In pathological tremor groups, relative power maxima may occur at intermediate load levels.
“In the pathological tremor groups however relative power maxima may occur at intermediate load levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Occasionally in both physiological and activated physiological tremor, a separate neural tremor component with frequencies around 10 Hz tended to appear in the EMG spectra at high load levels.
“Occasionally in both physiological and activated physiological tremor a separate neural tremor com- ponent with frequencies at around 10 Hz tended to appear in the EMG spectra at high load levels.”
- Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
“In both subjects with physiological and activated physiological tremor a neural synchronisation around 10 Hz could be observed at higher loads documented by circumscribed peaks in the EMG spectra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
- Findingcitation
In physiological tremor, peak frequency was always dependent on the mechanical resonant frequency.
“(I) In physiological tremor peak frequency was always dependent on the mechanical resonant fre- quency”
- Also stated in: § Physiological tremor · plain
“The observation that the frequency of physiological tremor under isotonic conditions depends on the mechanical resonant frequency confirms earlier investigations.60”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Physiological tremor · plain
- Findingreasoning
In activated physiological tremor, peak frequency was also determined by the mechanical resonant frequency.
“As in physiological tremor, peak tremor frequency shifted with changes in mechanical resonant frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In both physiological and activated physiological tremor, total tremor power is considerably lowered with higher loadings.
“Whereas in both physiological and activated physiological tremor, spectral power is considerably lowered with higher loadings”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In activated physiological tremor, EMG spectra showed clear peaks reflecting neural synchronisation at frequencies corresponding to the peaks in the accelerometer spectra.
“However, EMG spectra showed clear peaks reflecting neural synchronisation at frequencies corresponding to the peaks in the accelerometer spec- tra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Parkinsonian patients, total tremor power only slightly decreased with increasing amounts of load.
“Total tremor power only slightly decreased with increasing amounts of load (fig 7D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Within the range of mechanical changes and resulting resonant frequencies examined here, the rate of neural synchronisation mechanism involved in activated physiological tremor follows changes in the mechanical resonant frequencies.
“Within the range of mechanical changes and resulting resonant frequencies examined here, the rate of neural synchronisation mechanism involved in activated physiological tremor follows-changes in the mechani- cal resonant frequencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In both essential and Parkinsonian tremors, the EMG showed burst repetition rates at a constant frequency reflected by corresponding sharp peaks in the EMG spectra irrespective of changes in mechanical resonant frequency.
“the EMG showed burst repetition rates at a constant frequency reflected by corresponding sharp peaks in the EMG spectra irrespective of changes in mechanical resonant frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In essential tremor, total tremor power at higher loadings decreased to a much lower extent and less monotonically than in the groups with physiological and activated physiological tremors.
“Total tremor power at higher loadings decreased to a much lower extent and less mono- tonically than in the groups with physiological and activated physiological tremors (fig 7C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In another Parkinsonian patient, the prevailing low frequency tremor at rest persists throughout the contraction.
“In another Par- kinsonian patient the prevailing low frequency tremor at rest (middle panel) persists throughout the con- traction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In essential tremor, demodulated EMG spectra show a clear distinct peak exactly at this frequency.
“The demodulated EMG spectra show a clear distinct peak exactly at this frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This constancy of dominant tremor rate was similarly observed in all Parkinsonian patients irrespective of whether the recorded postural tremor was at the same or at higher frequency compared to their resting tremor.
“This constancy of dominant tremor rate was similarly observed in all Parkinsonian patients irrespective of whether the recorded postural tremor was at the same or at higher frequency com- pared to their resting tremor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Even under isometric conditions, synchronised motor unit discharges may excite the muscle spindles thereby bringing the stretch reflex into play.
“Even under isometric conditions the synchronised motor unit discharges may excite the muscle spindles thereby bringing the stretch reflex into play.3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Hagbarth KE, Young RR. Participation of the Stretch Reflex in Human Physiological Tremor. Brain 1979;102:509-26. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The actual tremor frequency should reflect the resonant frequency of the affected limb.
“Hence the actual tremor frequency should reflect the resonant fre- quency of the affected limb and in consequence tremor frequency should be different at different parts of the limb and be altered by adding loads.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The method allows a simple distinction between physiological and these two pathological tremors.
“The method therefore allows a simple distinction between phys- iological and these two pathological tremors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Early investigations demonstrated that under physiological conditions isotonic tremor frequency was lowered by adding extra loads to the oscillating hand.
“The early investigations by Wertheim-Salomonsen4 and Kollaritz5 had demon- strated that under physiological conditions isotonic tremor frequency was lowered by adding extra loads to the oscillating hand, pointing to the influence of the mechanical state of the moving limb on its tremor frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Wertheim-Salomonsen4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kollaritz5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The actual peak frequency of limb tremor under isotonic conditions reflects mass-spring like properties with tremor peak frequency decreasing with increasing inertia or mass.
“It appeared from these studies that the actual peak frequency of limb tremor under isotonic conditions reflects mass-spring like properties with tremor peak frequency decreasing with increasing inertia or mass.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites ref 6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The gradual decrease in physiological tremor peak frequency with increasing load is as expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass system.
“Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The main difference between activated and non-activated physiological tremors is an increased synchronisation in activated physiological tremor leading to higher tremor amplitudes.
“The main difference between activated and non- activated physiological tremors is an increased synchronisation in activated physiological tremor leading to higher tremor amplitudes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
The mechanical tremor component is subject to considerable modification caused by changes in mechanical limb properties.
“Owing to the wide range of possi- ble mechanical states of the limb with tremor, the mechanical tremor component is subject to consid- erable modification caused by changes in mechanical limb properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The data indicate that motor unit synchronisation at the same part of the body can be induced over a wide range of different frequencies.
“The data indicate that motor unit synchronisation at the same part of the body can be induced over a wide range of different frequencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
This 8-12 Hz tremor corresponds in peak frequency to the isometrically recorded force tremor emerging during prolonged isometric contractions at maximal forces.
“Furthermore this 8-12 Hz tremor corresponds in peak frequency to the isometrically recorded force tremor emerging during prolonged isometric contractions at maximal forces.2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Homberg V, Reiners K, Hefter H, Freund HJ. The muscle activity spectrum: spectral analysis of muscle force as an estimator of overall motor unit activity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986;63:209-22. source
- Interpretationcitation
This would imply a stronger modification of cerebellar tremor by peripheral input than seen in our patients with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease.
“This would imply a stronger modification of cerebellar tremor by peripheral input than seen in our patients with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The deviance from a monotonic trend in pathological tremors rather reflects random tremor amplitude variations not related to the experimental variables, most marked in pathological tremors.
“These rather seem to reflect random tremor amplitude variations not related to the experimental variables most marked in the pathological tremors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Posture, state of muscle activity, emotional and mechanical factors are all determinants for the amplitude-frequency profile of tremor as revealed by spectral analysis.
“Posture, state of muscle activity, emotional and Homberg, Hefter, Reiners, Freund mechanical factors are all determinants for the amplitude-frequency profile of tremor as revealed by spectral analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In contrast to the mechanically determined tremor peak, this 8-12 Hz tremor could not be reset by mechanical perturbations.
“in contrast to the mechanically determined tremor peak, this 8-12 Hz tremor could not be reset by mechanical perturbations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Elble RJ, Adelman J, Higgins C. Interaction between stretch reflex and 8-12 Hz component of physiologic tremor. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1985;11-302.4.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Systematic effects related to muscular fatigue or anxiety are unlikely to cause the observed deviance from a monotonic trend in pathological tremors.
“Since the loading was always applied in a fixed increasing sequence systematic effects related to muscular fatigue (increased tremor amplitude after previous higher loads) or anxiety caused by the unfamiliar recording situation (increased tremor amplitude at beginning of the session) are unlikely to cause the observed deviance from a monotonic trend.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Similar findings distinguishing physiological and essential tremors by their different response to mechanical changes have been published recently by Elble.
“Similar findings dis- tinguishing physiological and essential tremors by their different response to mechanical changes have been published recently by Elble.'4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Elble RJ. Physiologic and essential tremor. Neurology 1986;36:225-31. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The parallel changes in EMG spectral peaks with mechanical resonant frequency in activated physiological tremor point to an increase in gain of the stretch reflex loop leading to increased synchronisation of motoneuron pool outflow phase-locked to the stretching parts of the movement cycle.
“The fact that this was paralleled also by changes in the peaks of the EMG spectra points to an increase in gain of the stretch reflex loop leading to increased synchronisation of motoneuron pool outflow phase- locked to the stretching parts of the movement cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is a clear cut difference between essential tremor and activated physiological tremor.
“Thus there is a clear cut difference between essential tremor and activated physiological tremor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The central oscillator may still cause a secondary oscillation of lower amplitude visible as a secondary peak in the tremor spectrum.
“These may still cause a secondary oscillation of lower amplitude visible as a secondary peak in the tremor spectrum.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles is known to be characteristic of essential tremor.
“Simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles is known to be characteristic of essential tremor,8 but some patients in this group.mayalso show reciprocal activity in antagonistic muscles.9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The findings point to a central generator with spontaneous oscillating discharges not influenced by peripheral inputs (such as changes in the mechanical state of the limb) as the cause of both pathological tremor forms studied here.
“Our findings point to a central generator with spontaneous oscillating discharges not influenced by peripheral inputs (such as changes in the mechanical state of the limb) as the cause of both pathological tremor-forms stud- ied here.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The increase in tremor peak frequencies at very high loadings in essential tremor appears similar to the occurrence of a higher frequency neural synchronisation at highest load levels also observed in physiological tremors.
“This increase in tremor peak frequencies at very high loadings appears to be similar to the occurrence of a higher frequency neural synchronisation at highest load levels, which we also observed in physiological tremors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The inability to distinguish mass versus stiffness is not relevant for the distinction between normal and abnormal tremor in respect of the different interaction between mechanical and neural factors.
“This is, however, not-relevant for the distinction between normal and abnormal tremor in respect of the different interaction between mechani- cal and neural factors in these two groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The findings do not support the view that pathological tremors are due to self-sustaining oscillations of peripheral reflex loops.
“They do not support the view that patholo- gical tremors are due to self-sustaining oscillations of peripheral reflex loops (for example ref 15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Stiles RN, Pozos RS. A mechanical reflex oscillator hypothesis for Parkinsonian hand tremor. J Appl Physiol 1976;40:990-8. source
- Interpretationown data
The spectral changes in EMG accompanying the increased essential tremor rate at high loads point to a neural origin.
“This was always accompanied by corresponding spectral changes in the EMG pointing to a neural origin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Any interpretations linking higher frequency oscillations with shorter loops and low frequency oscillations with longer reflex loops always have to ascertain identical mechanical conditions and unchanged gains when multiple reflex loops participate in generation of the oscillations studied.
“Therefore any interpretations linking higher frequency oscillations with shorter loops and low fre- quency oscillations with longer reflex loops always have to ascertain identical mechanical conditions and unchanged gains when multiple reflex loops par- ticipate in generation of the oscillations studied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The periodicity of the oscillation in activated physiological tremor is determined by the mechanical resonant frequency.
“The periodicity of this oscillation is determined by the mechanical resonant frequency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The authors do not include activated physiological tremor as type I of the essential tremors as proposed by the classification of Marsden et al.
“This leads us not to include the latter as type I of the essential tremors as proposed by the classification of Marsden et al. 7”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Marsden CD, Obeso J, Rothwell JC. Benign essential tremor is not a single entity. In: Yahr, M.D. (ed.) Current Concepts in Parkinson's Disease. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1983:31-46.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The experimental design cannot distinguish the extent to which the resulting change in resonant frequency is due to mass or muscle stiffness.
“Thus from the experimental design it is not possible to distinguish the extent to which the resulting change in resonant frequency is due to either of these factors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Changes in tremor frequencies with alteration of mechanical conditions have also been obtained for human elbow tremor when subjects with compliant loading exert constant force against springs of different stiffness: both tremor and EMG spectra showed a shift towards higher frequencies with increasing spring stiffness.
“Changes in tremor frequencies with alteration of mechanical conditions have also been obtained for human elbow tremor when subjects with compliant loading exert constant force against springs of different stiffness: both tremor and EMG spectra showed a shift towards higher frequencies with increasing spring stiffness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Matthews PBC, Muier RB. Comparison of electromyogram spectra with force spectra during human elbow tremor. J Physiol (London) 1980;302:427-41. source
- Premisecitation
Mathematical models examining effects of loop times of multiple reflex pathways in interaction with their relative gain on resulting oscillations show that frequency is dependent on loop times as well as on the distribution of gains within these multiple loops.
“This is in agreement with mathematical models examining the effects of loop times of multiple reflex pathways in interaction with their relative gain'2 on the resulting oscillations. Then frequency is dependent on loop times as well as on the distribution of gains within these multiple loops.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Oguztoreli MN, Stein RB. The effects of multiple reflex pathways on the oscillations in neuro-muscular systems. J Mathemat Biol 1976;3:87-101. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The mass-related mechanical damping of pathological tremors appears less consistent and pronounced.
“Therefore the mass-related mechanical damping of the patholo- gical tremors appears less consistent and pronounced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In the two pathological tremors examined, the periodicity of the central oscillator dominates the mechanical influence.
“In the two pathological tremors examined in this study the periodicity of the central oscillator domi- nates the mechanical influence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataActivated physiological tremor, characterised by increased synchronisation between motor units, decreases in peak frequency with increasing loads.
“Also the peak frequency of activated physiological tremor characterised by increased synchronisation between motor units decreased in frequency with increasing loads.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn activated physiological tremor, only at highest loads a second peak appears in the EMG spectra at frequencies above 10 Hz, which is also reflected by a second peak in the accelerometer spectrum.
“Only at highest loads a second peak appears in the EMG spectra at frequencies above 10 Hz, which is also reflected by a second peak in the accelerometer spec- trum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn physiological tremor, there was no prominent peaking in the demodulated EMG spectra or grouping of activity (bursts) in the ongoing EMG.
“there was no prominent peaking in the demodulated EMG spectra or grouping of activity (that is, bursts) in the ongoing EMG.”
- Also stated in: § Physiological tremor · hedged
“In this condition there were no apparent bursts in the ongoing EMG and no promi- nent peaks in the power spectra of the demodulated EMG.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Physiological tremor · hedged
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn some patients with essential tremor, high amounts of added mass increased the dominant tremor rate, accompanied by increased muscle tension.
“In some of the patients with essential tremors we noted some increase in dominant tremor rate with high amounts of added mass along with the concomi- tant increase in muscle tension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn Parkinsonian patients, peak frequency is not affected by changes in loading and is paralleled by a high degree of EMG synchronisation as revealed by sharp peaks in the demodulated EMG spectra reflecting bursts in the ongoing EMG.
“As in essential tremor peak frequency is not affected by changes in loading and is paralleled by a high degree of EMG synchronisation as revealed by sharp peaks in the demodulated EMG spectra reflecting bursts in the ongoing EMG.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe main difference between activated physiological tremor and non-activated physiological tremor recordings was larger tremor amplitudes and higher relative peak power ratios reflected by sharper peaks in accelerometer and EMG recordings.
“The main difference between recordings in this group as compared with subjects with non-activated physi- ological tremor were larger tremor amplitudes and higher relative peak power ratios reflected by sharper peaks in accelerometer and EMG recordings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe relative power maxima at intermediate loads in pathological tremor groups show considerable interindividual variation and do not reach statistical significance.
“These maxima show considerable interindividual variation and hence do not reach statistical significance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn essential tremor, accelerometer spectra contain a second peak, which varies with changes in the mechanical limb properties but is not paralleled by corresponding peaks in the EMG spectra.
“The accelerometer spectra shown in fig 3 contain a second peak, which varies with changes in the mechanical limb properties but is not paralleled by corresponding peaks in the EMG spectra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn both essential and Parkinsonian tremors, the dominant tremor rate was not affected by changes in mass or by adding loads to the trembling limb.
“(3) In both essential and Parkinsonian tremors the dominant tremor rate was not affected by changes in mass”
- Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
“the dominant rate of the pathological postural tremors could not be influenced by adding loads to the trembling limb.”
- Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
“The information obtained from this study (in addition to its diagnostic value) is that the rate of pathological tremors with strongest motor unit synchronisation seems not to be influenced by gross changes in the resonant properties of the trem- bling limb.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn Parkinsonian tremor, there is load-independent constancy of tremor frequency (5 Hz) at rest, which persisted during constant maintenance of posture.
“Figure 5 illustrates the load-independent constancy of tremor frequency in a patient with Parkinsonian tremor (5 Hz) at rest, which persisted during constant maintenance of posture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTremor frequency should be different at different parts of the limb and be altered by adding loads.
“Hence the actual tremor frequency should reflect the resonant fre- quency of the affected limb and in consequence tremor frequency should be different at different parts of the limb and be altered by adding loads.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningIsometric tremor components may result from synchronisation between motor units, as in pathological tremors.
“These may result either from the sum- mation properties of asynchronously firing motor units in the narrow frequency range between their onset rates and the discharge frequencies where par- tial fusion of force ripples occurs,1 2 or from syn- chronisation between motor units, as in pathological tremors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenBefore starting tremor recordings it was ensured that no significant EMG activity emerged with passive movements around the wrist to avoid contamination with movement artefacts.
“Before starting tremor recordings it was ensured that no significant EMG activity emerged with pas- sive movements around the wrist to avoid contamination with movement artefacts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis tremor component is likely to be neural in origin as it is evident predominantly in the EMG spectra.
“It is likely to be neural in origin as it is evident predominantly in the EMG spectra, whereas the peak frequencies of the accelerometer recordings reflect the larger amplitude oscillations at the lower mechanical resonant frequencies induced by these high loadings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAll Parkinsonian patients were off any medication for at least 3 days preceding the recording.
“All were off any medication for at least 3 days preceding the recording.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIsometric tremor components may result from summation properties of asynchronously firing motor units in the narrow frequency range between their onset rates and the discharge frequencies where partial fusion of force ripples occurs.
“These may result either from the sum- mation properties of asynchronously firing motor units in the narrow frequency range between their onset rates and the discharge frequencies where par- tial fusion of force ripples occurs,1 2 or from syn- chronisation between motor units, as in pathological tremors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenAll recordings were done under visual control of the subjects and the experimenters ascertained that the hand was maintained in precise horizontal position during the recording.
“All recordings were done under visual con- trol of the subjects and the experimenters ascertained that the hand was maintained in precise horizontal position dur- ing the recording.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe results obtained on two pathological tremor forms here may not apply to other pathological tremors.
“How far the results obtained on two pathological tremor forms here apply to other pathological trem- ors remains to be shown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationVilis and Hore used chronic cryoprobe implants in the cerebellar nuclei of non-human primates to induce reversible cerebellar intention tremor and noted that the frequency of cerebellar tremor covaried with changes in the mechanical state of the limb in a way predictable from passive spring-load properties.
“Vilis and Hore22 used chronic cryoprobe implants in the cerebellar nuclei of non-human primates to induce reversible cerebellar intention tremor.They noted that the frequency of cerebellar tremor covaried with changes in the mechanical state of the limb in a way predictable from passive spring-load properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Vilis T. Hore J. Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor. J Neurophysiol 1977;40: 1214-224. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe frequency of a rhythmical oscillation in the skeletomotor apparatus does not provide information about loop times, because reflex-supported activated physiological tremor can be deliberately induced at various frequencies by changing mechanical properties of one part of a limb while loop-times remain constant.
“This observation emphasises that the frequency of a rhythmical oscillation in the skeletomotor apparatus does not provide information about loop times: reflex supported, acti- vated physiological tremor can be deliberately induced at various frequencies just by changing mechanical properties of one particular part of a limb, where the loop-times can be considered to remain constant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRack and Ross's results showed considerable intra- and inter-individual variation which makes it difficult to judge the significance of these findings.
“Their results however showed considerable intra-and inter-individual variation which makes it difficult to judge the significance of these findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Rack PMH, Ross HF. The role of reflexes in the resting tremor of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1986;109:115-41. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a reflex study by Lee and Stein, essential tremors could be resynchronised by sudden torque perturbations of ongoing tremor activity whereas Parkinsonian tremor could not.
“In a reflex study Lee and Stein'6 using sudden torque pertubations of ongoing tremor activity have shown that essential tremors could be resynchronised by such a procedure whereas Parkinsonian tremor could not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Lee RG, Stein RB. Resetting of Tremor by Mechanical Perturbations: A Comparison of Essential Tremor and Parkinsonian Tremor. Ann Neurol 1981;10:523-31. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe 8-12 Hz tremor described by Elble and co-workers occurs in 30% of normals and is present in parallel to a mechanically sensitive tremor.
“who recently described the occurrence of such a tremor comgonent in 30% of their normals, being present in parallel to a mechanically sensitive tremor”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Elble RJ, Adelman J, Higgins C. Interaction between stretch reflex and 8-12 Hz component of physiologic tremor. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1985;11-302.4.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe results of this study were obtained in a particular standardised mechanical situation.
“The results of this study were obtained in a particular standardised mechanical situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMicroneurographic studies describing recordings from primary spindle afferents in patients with Parkinsonian tremor revealed a pattern of alpha-gamma-coactivation similar to voluntary alternating movements and pointed to a non-spindle reflex mediated central origin of the rhythmical tremor movement in Parkinson's disease.
“The contention of a non-reflex-mediated central origin of Parkinsonian tremor is also corroborated by microneurographic studies'7 18 describing recordings made from primary spindle afferents in patients with Parkinsonian tremor.These studies revealed a pattern of alpha-gamma-coactivation similar to voluntary alternating movements and pointed to a non-spindle reflex mediated central origin of the r”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 17 18
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe dominant rate of these pathological tremors cannot be determined by mechanical alterations, pointing to a central origin.
“It appears that the dominant rate of these pathological tremors cannot be determined by mechanical alterations, pointing to a central origin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataThe authors feel it is not justified to classify tremors primarily according to their preferential postural appearance.
“For this reason we feel it is not justified to classify tremors primarily according to their preferential pos- tural appearance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationChanges of peripheral input have some access to the rhythmical oscillator of essential tremor but not to the generators of Parkinsonian tremor.
“This reveals that change of peripheral input have some access to the rhythmical oscillator of essential tremor but not to the generators of Parkinsonian tremor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Isometric tremor simply reflects those tremor components that are neural in nature.
“The difference between these two is that isometric tremor simply reflects those tremor components that are neu- ral in nature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Under isotonic conditions, the neural component becomes significant only when the motor units are synchronised as in the case of pathological tremor, whereas the physiological isometric (= force) tremor also reflects asynchronous motor unit activity.
“Under isotonic conditions, the neural component becomes significant only when the motor units are synchronised as in the case of pathological tremor, whereas the physiological isometric (= force) tremor also reflects asynchronous motor unit activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pathological tremors vary under different postural conditions.
“It is, however, a characteristic feature of the pathological tremors that they vary under different postural conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinsonian tremor is usually a tremor at rest which is diminished during increasing muscular effort.
“Parkinsonian tremor is usually a tremor at rest which is diminished during increasing muscular effort.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Essential tremor is most pronounced during motor activity, whether stationary (postural tremor) or non-stationary (action or kinetic tremor).
“In contrast essential tremor is most pro- nounced during motor activity no matter if this is sta- tionary such as maintaining a constant posture (postural tremor) or if it is non-stationary motor activity (action or kinetic tremor).”
The paper relies on this without support.
In more severe cases of essential tremor, tremor may also appear at rest and conversely in advanced Parkinsonian cases the resting tremor will persist during the maintenance of posture.
“In more severe cases of essential tremor this tremor may also appear at rest and conversely in advanced Parkinsonian cases the resting tremor will persist during the maintenance of posture.”
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Self-citationBeats produced between a rhythmic applied force and the resting tremor of Parkinsonism.
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Beitrag zum Studium des Zitterns
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor
Deuschl, G., Bain, P., & Brin, M. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870131303 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: a tale of two circuits?
Helmich, R. C., Hallett, M., Deuschl, G., Toni, I., & Bloem, B. R. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws023 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
“Evidence for this view comes from work showing that peripheral deafferentation (Pollock and Davis, 1930), peripheral anaesthesia of tremulous muscles (Walshe, 1924) and mechanical perturbations (Lee and Stein, 1981; Homberg et al., 1987) have little effect on Parkinson’s disease tremor although peripheral reflexes (mu…”
BackgroundDeuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M., & Krack, P. (2001) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.1063 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
“Such a mechanism is also influenced by thyroid hormones.(100,107) This mechanism can also be identified by spectral analysis when the tremor is measured with and without added load.”
BackgroundElble, R. J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-199603000-00004 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor: a review
Deuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Baron, R., Lindemann, M., Wilms, H., & Krack, P. (2000) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/pl00007781 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“Several studies demonstrated absent frequency reduction following loading of the trembling limb in parkinsonian patients [58, 143, 35].”
Clinical Neurophysiology of Tremor
Deuschl, G., Krack, P., Lauk, M., & Timmer, J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-199603000-00002 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Hariz, M. I., Johansson, F., Shamsgovara, P., Johansson, E., Hariz, G., & Fagerlund, M. (2000) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/1531-8257(200001)15:1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of nonparkinsonian tremors
Deuschl, G., & Bergman, H. (2002) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10141 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Tremor and idiopathic dystonia
Jedynak, C. P., Bonnet, A. M., & Agid, Y. (1991) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870060307 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Regularity of force tremor in Parkinson's disease
Vaillancourt, D. E., Slifkin, A. B., & Newell, K. M. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00593-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sturman, M. M. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh237 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“These measures include frequency (Homberg et al., 1987), amplitude (Stiles and Pozos, 1976), regularity (Vaillancourt and Newell, 2000) and tremor– electromyogram (EMG) coherence (Brown et al.”
BackgroundMethodRaethjen, J., Lindemann, M., Dümpelmann, M., Wenzelburger, R., Stolze, H., Pfister, G., Elger, C., Timmer, J., & Deuschl, G. (2001) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-001-0914-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“The limbs are driven at their resonant frequency by randomly firing motor units (Marshall and Walsh 1956; Elble and Randall 1978; Hömberg et al. 1987), and in parallel, a rhythmic central drive to the muscles in the 7–12 Hz range, which is independent of peripheral mechanics, has been described…”
BackgroundDeep brain stimulation of the VIM thalamic nucleus modifies several features of essential tremor
Vaillancourt, D. E., Sturman, M. M., Metman, L. V., Bakay, R. A. E., & Corcos, D. M. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000086371.78447.d2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Figure 2C demonstrates that ApEn increased ON-DBS compared to OFF-DBS [F(1,5) 8.”
MethodResultInfluentialEffects of Aging on the Regularity of Physiological Tremor
Sturman, M. M., Vaillancourt, D. E., & Corcos, D. M. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01218.2004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“In enhanced physiological tremor, tremor amplitude, motor-unit synchronization, and motor unit to motor unit coherence are increased (Logigian et al. 1988), while the modal frequency of tremor shifts with changes in the mechanical resonant frequency (Homberg et al. 1987).”
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Dystrophin mutations predict cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress
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“1986; H6mberg et al., 1987) has been to calculate the power for a fixed frequency range between -”
Postural and resting tremor in the upper limb
Morrison, S., & Newell, K. M. (2000) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00302-8 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…has been to externally support the more proximal segments of the upper limb when examining both postural and resting tremor in distal effectors (see for example: Stiles and Randall, 1967; Yap and Boshes, 1967; Marsden et al., 1969; Fox and Randall, 1970; Stiles, 1980; Homberg et al., 1987).”
BackgroundPrimary writing tremor. A form of focal dystonia?
Elble, R., Moody, C., & Higgins, C. (1990) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870050205 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Britton, T. C., Thompson, P. D., Day, B. L., Rothwell, J. C., Findley, L. J. J., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1993) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410330510 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Does tremor pace repetitive voluntary motor behavior in parkinson's disease?
Logigian, E. L., Hefter, H., Reiners, K., & Freund, H. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410300208 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAnomalies of asymmetry of clinical signs in parkinsonism
Toth, C. C., Rajput, M., & Rajput, A. H. (2003) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10685 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Uniform frequency of parkinsonian resting tremor in the lips, jaw, tongue, and index finger
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A brain network model explaining tremor in Parkinson's disease
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“This tremor is largely independent from external influences, such as loading, indicating that it is centrally generated (Deuschl et al., 1996; Homberg et al., 1987; Meshack and Norman, 2002; Burne et al., 2004).”
Hand tremor in patients with spasmodic torticollis
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Paraneoplastic choreic syndrome during non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Long-term EMG recordings differentiate between parkinsonian and essential tremor
Breit, S., Spieker, S., Schulz, J. B., & Gasser, T. (2008) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-008-0712-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“However, this hypothesis is not supported by previous work, showing that the frequency of pathological tremors does not change with loading [17].”
ResultBritton, T., Thompson, P., Day, B. L., Rothwell, J. C., Findley, L., & Marsden, C. D. (1993) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.56.10.1085 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Evidence for a non-orthostatic origin of orthostatic tremor
Boroojerdi, B., Ferbert, A., Foltys, H., Kosinski, C. M., Noth, J., & Schwarz, M. (1999) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.3.284 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A Review on Wearable Technologies for Tremor Suppression
Lora-Millan, J. S., Delgado-Oleas, G., Benito-León, J., & Rocon, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.700600 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The resonant component of human physiological hand tremor is altered by slow voluntary movements
Lakie, M., Vernooij, C. A., Osborne, T. M., & Reynolds, R. F. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226449 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Tremor is commonly recorded as an acceleration signal and most investigators agree that the central frequency of this peak lies somewhere between 7 and 11 Hz (Stiles & Randall, 1967; Marsden et al. 1969; Elble & Randall, 1978; Hömberg et al. 1987; Lakie, 1992; Raethjen et al. 2000) and it is commonly described as ‘10…”
Background24 Hour continuous tremor quantification based on EMG recording
Bacher, M., Scholz, E., & Diener, H.-C. (1989) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(89)90179-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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Mehta, A. R., Brittain, J., & Brown, P. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0510-14.2014 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The existence of a physiological tremor at a peak frequency of 7–12 Hz during postural contractions of the outstretched hands is well established (Stiles and Randall, 1967; Marsden et al., 1969; Elble and Randall, 1978; Marsden, 1984; Hömberg et al., 1987; Lakie, 1992; Raethjen et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAmitriptyline enhances the central component of physiological tremor
Raethjen, J., Lemke, M., Lindemann, M., Wenzelburger, R., Krack, P., & Deuschl, G. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.1.78 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Visual and mechanical control of postural and kinetic tremor in cerebellar system disorders.
Sanes, J. N., LeWitt, P. A., & Mauritz, K.-H. (1988) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.7.934 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The effect of inertial loading on wrist postural tremor in essential tremor
Héroux, M. E., Pari, G., & Norman, K. E. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.03.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“, 2000; Elble, 2003), but did result in significantly smaller tremor in subjects with ET (Elble, 1986; Homberg et al., 1987; Bilodeau et al., 2000; Vaillancourt et al., 2003).”
Meshack, R. P., & Norman, K. E. (2002) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215502cr521oa · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Report from a U.S. conference on essential tremor
Elble, R. J. (2006) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21157 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
EMG-Based Characterization of Pathological Tremor Using the Iterated Hilbert Transform
Dideriksen, J. L., Gianfelici, F., Popović‐Maneski, L., & Farina, D. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2163069 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Fourth, passive mechanical resonance properties of human limbs can modulate the intensity and frequency of the limb tremor [13], [14] and thereby blur”
BackgroundTremor‐related motor unit firing in Parkinson's disease: implications for tremor genesis
Christakos, C. N., Erimaki, S., Anagnostou, E., & Anastasopoulos, D. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173989 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“However, as explained in the Discussion (final section), there is evidence suggesting that this influence is limited in PD, postural tremor being primarily neurogenic, i.e. resulting from muscle FTs (Stiles & Pozos, 1976; Hömberg et al. 1987; Palmer & Hutton 1995).”
BackgroundChanges in the dynamics of tremor during goal-directed pointing
Morrison, S., & Keogh, J. (2001) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(01)00072-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Handforth, A., & Lang, E. J. (2020) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01197-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Limb Stiffness and Postural Tremor in the Arm
Morrison, S., & Newell, K. M. (2000) · Motor Control · doi:10.1123/mcj.4.3.293 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Physiological tremor in human subjects with X‐linked Kallmann's syndrome and mirror movements
Mayston, M. J., Harrison, L. M., Stephens, J. A., & Farmer, S. F. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0551k.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It has been found to be largely insensitive to changes in inertial load and stiffness (Elble & Randall, 1978; Homberg et al. 1987).”
BackgroundMorrice, B.-L., Becker, W. J., Hoffer, J. A., & Lee, R. G. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100030572 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Design and Preliminary Performance Assessment of a Wearable Tremor Suppression Glove
Zhou, Y., Ibrahim, A. H., Hardy, K. G., Jenkins, M. E., Naish, M. D., & Trejos, A. L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3080622 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pellegrini, B., Faes, L., Nollo, G., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.04.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Stability of frequency during long-term recordings of hand tremor
Hefter, H., Hömberg, V., Reiners, K., & Freund, H. (1987) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(87)90007-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive Eating Device: Performance and Satisfaction of a Person with Parkinson’s Disease
Cavalcanti, A., do Amaral, M. F., Dutra, F. C. M. S. E., et al. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0008417420925995 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…on the subject, some studies point to the influence of the utensil weight on the feeding task, recommending the use of light cutlery when the activity demands fast movement (Hewer et al., 1972; Hömberg et al., 1987; Ma, Hwang, Tsai & Hsu, 2009; Meshack & Norman, 2002; Morgan et al., 1975).”
BackgroundGil, L. M., Nunes, T. P., Silva, F. H. S., Faria, Á. C. D., & de Melo, P. L. (2010) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2010.5626365 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Tradi tionally, the analysis of physiological and pathological tremor has focused on the frequency domain analysis [2,3, 4 ].”
BackgroundBilodeau, M., Bisson, E. J., Degrâce, D., Després, I., & Johnson, M. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“, 1978; Duval and Jones, 2005; Vaillancourt and Newell, 2000), a decrease in physiological tremor power of the hand with light loads (up to about 1000 g) has been previously reported (Hömberg et al., 1987).”
BackgroundTremor in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: No evidence of cerebellar dysfunction
Saifee, T. A., Pareés, I., Kassavetis, P., Kaski, D. N., Bronstein, A. M., Rothwell, J. C., Sadnicka, A., Lunn, M. P., Manji, H., Teo, J., et al. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.12.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Is the rhythm of physiological tremor involved in cortico‐cortical interactions?
Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M., Morsnowski, A., Dümpelmann, M., Wenzelburger, R., Stolze, H., Fietzek, U. M., Pfıster, G., Elger, C. E., Timmer, J., et al. (2003) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10686 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Biomechanical loading as an alternative treatment for tremor: a review of two approaches
Rocon, E., Gallego, J. Á., Belda-Lois, J. M., Benito-León, J., & Pons, J. L. (2012) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.5334/tohm.107 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Biomechanical Loading as an Alternative Treatment for Tremor: A Review of Two Approaches
Rocon, E., Gallego, J. A., Belda-Lois, J., Benito-León, J., & Pons, J. L. (2012) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.7916/d82z147g · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ma, H., Hwang, W., Tsai, P.-L., & Hsu, Y.-W. (2009) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215509342334 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Su, E. L. M., Latt, W. T., Ang, W. T., Lim, T. C., Teo, C. L., & Burdet, E. (2009) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5333665 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Measurement of limb tremor were initially conducted with accelerometers [2], [ 3 ], [4], [5], [6], however, this requires segregation from the influence of gravity and is not targeted to evaluate the position and velocity errors determining the accuracy, as well as some aspects of tremor [7].”
MethodBurne, J. A., Blanche, T., & Morris, J. J. (2004) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20109 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Twenty-four-hour tremor recordings in the evaluation of the treatment of Parkinson's disease
Scholz, E., Bacher, M., Diener, H., & DICHGANS, J. (1988) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00314251 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Limb positioning and magnitude of essential tremor and other pathological tremors
Sanes, J. N., & Hallett, M. (1990) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870050408 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Morrison, S., & Sosnoff, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.07.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Characterization of subclinical tremor in Parkinson's disease
Beuter, A. C., Barbo, E., Rigal, R., & Blanchet, P. J. (2005) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20467 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Quantification of motor function in toxicology
Newland, M. C. (1988) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/0378-4274(88)90035-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reynolds, R. F., & Lakie, M. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00513.2010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Application of stereophotogrammetry to total body three-dimensional analysis of human tremor
Cappello, A., Leardini, A., Benedetti, M. G., et al. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.650295 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Electromechanical devices such as linear accelerometers have also been extensively used [6]‐[ 7 ] for the measurement of global movement of body segments.”
BackgroundThe origins of physiological tremor as deduced from immersions of the finger in various liquids
Takanokura, M., Kokuzawa, N., & Sakamoto, K. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0677-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Various researchers have attempted to verify this hypothesis by experiments which have increased the load on the limb segment (Joyce and Rack 1974; Lakie et al. 1986; Hömberg et al. 1987; Sakamoto et al. 1993; Arihara and Sakamoto 1999a).”
BackgroundMotor Function and the Physical Properties of the Operant
Newland, M. C. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012168055-8/50017-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bioinformatic Approaches Used in Modelling Human Tremor
Mario, M., Giuliana, G., Thomas, L., Dario, F., Lana, P., Silvia, C., Tommaso, D., Juan-Manuel, B.-L., Jose-Luis, P., & Eduardo, R. (2009) · Current Bioinformatics · doi:10.2174/157489309788184747 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Another approach for quantifying the signal intensity consists in calculating the power for a fixed frequency range, usually –1 Hz to +1 Hz, around the peak frequency [39, 44].”
BackgroundCerebral reorganization in Parkinson's disease.
Helmich, R. C. G. (2011) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chapter 24 Clinical neurophysiology and pathophysiology of Parkinsonian tremor
Deuschl, G., Fietzek, U. M., Klebe, S., & Volkmann, J. (2003) · Handbook of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-4231(09)70172-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Durbaba, R., Cassidy, A., Budini, F., & Macaluso, A. (2013) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00917.2011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In addition, other studies have indicated a role for the stretch reflex in contributing to “physiological tremor” (9, 24, 31, 34, 40, 72, 80, 81).”
BackgroundPeripheral mechanisms in tremor after traumatic neck injury
Hashimoto, T. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.585 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bilateral tremor responses to unilateral loading and fatiguing muscle contractions
Kavanagh, J. J., Cresswell, A. G., Sabapathy, S., & Carroll, T. J. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00228.2013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“While these peripheral mechanisms of tremor remain relatively fixed, applying an inertial load to the limb can effectively decrease the resonant frequency of oscillation and increase oscillation amplitude (Halliday et al. 1999; Homberg et al. 1987).”
BackgroundTremor and electrically elicited long-latency reflexes in early stages of Parkinson’s disease
Deuschl, G., & Lücking, C. (1989) · Key topics in brain research · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8994-8_12 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Paul, F., Müller, J., Christe, W., Steinmüller, T., Poewe, W., & Wissel, J. (2004) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2004.00184.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Upper limb tremor induced by peripheral nerve injury
Costa, J. N., Henriques, R., Barroso, C., et al. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000244437.31413.2b · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mazzocchio, R., Gelli, F., Santo, F. D., Popa, T., & Rossi, A. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.024 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tremor Suppression With Mechanical Vibration Stimulation
Liu, W., Kai, T., & Kiguchi, K. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3045023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Is the inferior olive central to essential tremor? Yes
Lang, E. J., & Handforth, A. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
UPPER LIMB TREMOR INDUCED BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY
Weiner, W. J., & Reich, S. G. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000270099.87599.77 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Héroux, M., Pari, G., & Norman, K. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.10.050 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“A consistent finding from previous studies investigating postural tremor in ET is that inertial loading results in a reduction in tremor amplitude (Elble, 1986; Homberg et al., 1987).”
Quantitative analysis of voluntary and involuntary motor phenomena in Parkinson’s disease
Hefter, H., Hömberg, V., & Freund, H.-J. (1989) · Key topics in brain research · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8994-8_8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAgapaki, O. M., Christakos, C. N., & Anastasopoulos, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00179 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Interestingly, several studies observed twin peaks on the power spectrum of PD hand tremor (Stiles and Pozos, 1976; Walsh, 1979; Homberg et al., 1987; Burne et al., 2004) but only one of the two, presumably the mechanical one, is load dependent (Stiles and Randall, 1967; Stiles, 1980).”
BackgroundPrecision Sensorimotor Control in Aging FMR1 Gene Premutation Carriers
McKinney, W. S., Wang, Z., Kelly, S. E., Khemani, P., Su, L., White, S., & Mosconi, M. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2019.00056 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Subdivision of essential tremor patients according to physiologic characteristics
Golan, D. T., Giladi, N., Thorne, R., Korczyn, A. D., & Simon, E. S. (2004) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00251.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“despite the different mechanical properties of the limb (1, 3).”
BackgroundAutomated tremor amplitude and frequency determination from power spectra
Bartolić, A., Šantić, M., & Ribarič, S. (2008) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.10.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The ±1Hz and 50% eak amplitude interval methods were also used for tremor uantification in previous studies [15,37,38].”
MethodHwang, I., Lin, C. K., & Wu, P.-S. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.03.005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Distinction between essential and physiological tremor using Hilbert-Huang transform
Ayache, S. S., Al-ani, T., & Lefaucheur, J. P. (2014) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2014.03.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lang, A. E., & Zadikoff, C. (2005) · Neurological disease and therapy · doi:10.1201/b14115-16 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Modulation of symptomatic palatal tremor by magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex.
Chen, J.-T., Yu, H.-Y., Wu, Z.-A., Kao, K., Hallett, M., & Liao, K.-K. (2000) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00301-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Essential tremor and Parkinson's tremor are examples of central oscillation, by which it is meant that their frequencies are independent of limb mechanics and re¯ex arc (Elble, 1986; Homberg et al., 1987).”
BackgroundThree-dimensional assessment of postural tremor during goal-directed aiming
Kelleran, K. J., Morrison, S., & Russell, D. M. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4738-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, the resonant frequency properties of the finger, hand and forearm segments have been reported at 20–25, 8–12 and 2–4 Hz, respectively (Joyce and Rack 1974; Elble and Randall 1978; Homberg et al. 1987; Elble and Koller 1990; Hwang et al. 2009).”
BackgroundTremor in motor neuron disease may be central rather than peripheral in origin
Latorre, A., Rocchi, L., Stamelou, M., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13743 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“the frequency of which depends on inertia and stiffness of the joint, with no clear EMG counterpart [16].”
BackgroundMorales‐Briceño, H., Fois, A. F., & Fung, V. S. C. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63916-5.00018-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Essential Tremor and Other Forms of Kinetic Tremor
Louis, E. D. (2012) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4027-7_10 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dynamic properties of human goal-directed arm movements.
Bock, O. (1990) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(90)90030-i · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Early markers in Parkinson’s disease
Przuntek, H. (1990) · New vistas in drug research · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9098-2_2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Postural finger tremor exhibited by Parkinson patients and age‐matched subjects
Palmer, S. S., & Hutton, J. T. (1995) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870100520 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Homberg, V, Hefter, H., Reiners, K., & Freund, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1987-05-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 568-579
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1031968
- OpenAlex
- W2063522790
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- physiological tremor, pathological tremor, postural tremor, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, mass-spring system
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Electromyography, Hand, Humans, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Tremor, Wrist
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