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Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor
Open accessAbstract
The effect of changes in mechanical limb properties on the peak frequency of different tremor forms was analysed. Wrist tremor was recorded by an accelerometer fixed to the dorsum of the hand and demodulated surface EMG was recorded from the wrist extensors, while the extended hand was loaded with successively heavier weights. Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system. Also the peak frequency of activated physiological tremor characterised by increased synchronisation between motor units decreased in frequency with increasing loads. EMG spectra showed clear peaks of activity at the various mechanically determined tremor frequencies. In contrast, in two pathological tremor forms, the postural tremor in Parkinsonian patients and essential tremor, peak frequency tended to remain stable irrespective of changes in load. The method therefore allows a simple distinction between physiological and these two pathological tremors.
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“There is a clear shift of dominant tremor rate to lower frequencies with increasing weights.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Abstract
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“Physiological tremor was characterised by flat EMG spectra and a gradual decrease in tremor peak frequency with increasing load, as would be expected from the properties of a passive spring-mass-system.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Abstract
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“similar to the findings in non-activated physiological tremor the dominant tremor rate decreases with increasing load.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“At higher loads however, clearer peaks become apparent in the EMG spectra, at frequencies of around 10 Hz.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“Tremor peak frequencies in the unloaded condition varied between 80 and 102 Hz.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“Both physiological and activated physiological tremors show a divergence of accelerometer and EMG peak frequencies at higher loads: at very high loadings, which require increased force output, a synchronised neural activity at around 10 Hz becomes apparent.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“Both physiological and activated physiological tremors show a divergence of accelerometer and EMG peak frequencies at higher loads: at very high loadings, which require increased force output, a synchronised neural activity at around 10 Hz becomes apparent.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“But the concomitant EMG spectra show distinct peaks that also decrease in frequency in parallel to the change of mechanical resonant frequency.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“Tremor power monotonically decreased with increasing loadings (see fig 7A).”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“Also the peak frequency of activated physiological tremor characterised by increased synchronisation between motor units decreased in frequency with increasing loads.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Abstract
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“Only at highest loads a second peak appears in the EMG spectra at frequencies above 10 Hz, which is also reflected by a second peak in the accelerometer spec- trum.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“there was no prominent peaking in the demodulated EMG spectra or grouping of activity (that is, bursts) in the ongoing EMG.”
- Also stated in: § Physiological tremor · hedged
“In this condition there were no apparent bursts in the ongoing EMG and no promi- nent peaks in the power spectra of the demodulated EMG.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Discussion
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“In some of the patients with essential tremors we noted some increase in dominant tremor rate with high amounts of added mass along with the concomi- tant increase in muscle tension.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > The effect ofloading on pathological tremors
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“As in essential tremor peak frequency is not affected by changes in loading and is paralleled by a high degree of EMG synchronisation as revealed by sharp peaks in the demodulated EMG spectra reflecting bursts in the ongoing EMG.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > The effect ofloading on pathological tremors
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“The main difference between recordings in this group as compared with subjects with non-activated physi- ological tremor were larger tremor amplitudes and higher relative peak power ratios reflected by sharper peaks in accelerometer and EMG recordings.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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“These maxima show considerable interindividual variation and hence do not reach statistical significance.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > The effect ofloading on pathological tremors
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“The accelerometer spectra shown in fig 3 contain a second peak, which varies with changes in the mechanical limb properties but is not paralleled by corresponding peaks in the EMG spectra.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > The effect ofloading on pathological tremors
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“(3) In both essential and Parkinsonian tremors the dominant tremor rate was not affected by changes in mass”
- Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
“the dominant rate of the pathological postural tremors could not be influenced by adding loads to the trembling limb.”
- Also stated in: § Activated physiological tremor · hedged
“The information obtained from this study (in addition to its diagnostic value) is that the rate of pathological tremors with strongest motor unit synchronisation seems not to be influenced by gross changes in the resonant properties of the trem- bling limb.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Discussion
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“Figure 5 illustrates the load-independent constancy of tremor frequency in a patient with Parkinsonian tremor (5 Hz) at rest, which persisted during constant maintenance of posture.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > The effect ofloading on pathological tremors
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“Hence the actual tremor frequency should reflect the resonant fre- quency of the affected limb and in consequence tremor frequency should be different at different parts of the limb and be altered by adding loads.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Abstract
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“These may result either from the sum- mation properties of asynchronously firing motor units in the narrow frequency range between their onset rates and the discharge frequencies where par- tial fusion of force ripples occurs,1 2 or from syn- chronisation between motor units, as in pathological tremors.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Abstract
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“Before starting tremor recordings it was ensured that no significant EMG activity emerged with pas- sive movements around the wrist to avoid contamination with movement artefacts.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Data recording and analysis A monoaxially sensitive
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“It is likely to be neural in origin as it is evident predominantly in the EMG spectra, whereas the peak frequencies of the accelerometer recordings reflect the larger amplitude oscillations at the lower mechanical resonant frequencies induced by these high loadings.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Results
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“All were off any medication for at least 3 days preceding the recording.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Subjects
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“These may result either from the sum- mation properties of asynchronously firing motor units in the narrow frequency range between their onset rates and the discharge frequencies where par- tial fusion of force ripples occurs,1 2 or from syn- chronisation between motor units, as in pathological tremors.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 1 2
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“All recordings were done under visual con- trol of the subjects and the experimenters ascertained that the hand was maintained in precise horizontal position dur- ing the recording.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Subjects
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“How far the results obtained on two pathological tremor forms here apply to other pathological trem- ors remains to be shown.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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“Vilis and Hore22 used chronic cryoprobe implants in the cerebellar nuclei of non-human primates to induce reversible cerebellar intention tremor.They noted that the frequency of cerebellar tremor covaried with changes in the mechanical state of the limb in a way predictable from passive spring-load properties.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Vilis T. Hore J. Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor. J Neurophysiol 1977;40: 1214-224. source
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“This observation emphasises that the frequency of a rhythmical oscillation in the skeletomotor apparatus does not provide information about loop times: reflex supported, acti- vated physiological tremor can be deliberately induced at various frequencies just by changing mechanical properties of one particular part of a limb, where the loop-times can be considered to remain constant.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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“Their results however showed considerable intra-and inter-individual variation which makes it difficult to judge the significance of these findings.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Rack PMH, Ross HF. The role of reflexes in the resting tremor of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1986;109:115-41. source
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“In a reflex study Lee and Stein'6 using sudden torque pertubations of ongoing tremor activity have shown that essential tremors could be resynchronised by such a procedure whereas Parkinsonian tremor could not.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Lee RG, Stein RB. Resetting of Tremor by Mechanical Perturbations: A Comparison of Essential Tremor and Parkinsonian Tremor. Ann Neurol 1981;10:523-31. source
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“who recently described the occurrence of such a tremor comgonent in 30% of their normals, being present in parallel to a mechanically sensitive tremor”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] Elble RJ, Adelman J, Higgins C. Interaction between stretch reflex and 8-12 Hz component of physiologic tremor. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1985;11-302.4.
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“The results of this study were obtained in a particular standardised mechanical situation.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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“The contention of a non-reflex-mediated central origin of Parkinsonian tremor is also corroborated by microneurographic studies'7 18 describing recordings made from primary spindle afferents in patients with Parkinsonian tremor.These studies revealed a pattern of alpha-gamma-coactivation similar to voluntary alternating movements and pointed to a non-spindle reflex mediated central origin of the r”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 17 18
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“It appears that the dominant rate of these pathological tremors cannot be determined by mechanical alterations, pointing to a central origin.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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“For this reason we feel it is not justified to classify tremors primarily according to their preferential pos- tural appearance.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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“This reveals that change of peripheral input have some access to the rhythmical oscillator of essential tremor but not to the generators of Parkinsonian tremor.”
§ Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor > Activated physiological tremor
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The paper relies on this without support.
Isometric tremor simply reflects those tremor components that are neural in nature.
“The difference between these two is that isometric tremor simply reflects those tremor components that are neu- ral in nature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Under isotonic conditions, the neural component becomes significant only when the motor units are synchronised as in the case of pathological tremor, whereas the physiological isometric (= force) tremor also reflects asynchronous motor unit activity.
“Under isotonic conditions, the neural component becomes significant only when the motor units are synchronised as in the case of pathological tremor, whereas the physiological isometric (= force) tremor also reflects asynchronous motor unit activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pathological tremors vary under different postural conditions.
“It is, however, a characteristic feature of the pathological tremors that they vary under different postural conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinsonian tremor is usually a tremor at rest which is diminished during increasing muscular effort.
“Parkinsonian tremor is usually a tremor at rest which is diminished during increasing muscular effort.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Essential tremor is most pronounced during motor activity, whether stationary (postural tremor) or non-stationary (action or kinetic tremor).
“In contrast essential tremor is most pro- nounced during motor activity no matter if this is sta- tionary such as maintaining a constant posture (postural tremor) or if it is non-stationary motor activity (action or kinetic tremor).”
The paper relies on this without support.
In more severe cases of essential tremor, tremor may also appear at rest and conversely in advanced Parkinsonian cases the resting tremor will persist during the maintenance of posture.
“In more severe cases of essential tremor this tremor may also appear at rest and conversely in advanced Parkinsonian cases the resting tremor will persist during the maintenance of posture.”
Citations
Cites
Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor
Allum, J. H. J., Dietz, V. H., & Freund, H. (1978) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1978.41.3.557 · Cited by 311
Self-citationPhysiologic and essential tremor
Elble, R. J. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.2.225 · Cited by 231
Lee, R. G., & Stein, R. B. (1981) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410100606 · Cited by 205
Mechanical factors in human tremor frequency
Stiles, R. N., & Randall, J. E. (1967) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.324 · Cited by 191
PARTICIPATION OF THE STRETCH REFLEX IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL TREMOR
HAGBARTH, K.-E., & YOUNG, R. R. (1979) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/102.3.509 · Cited by 179
Physiological and pharmacological aids in the differential diagnosis of tremor
Shahani, B. T., & Young, R. R. (1976) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.8.772 · Cited by 102
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Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor
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THE ROLE OF REFLEXES IN THE RESTING TREMOR OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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Action tremor with alternating activity in antagonist muscles
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Comparison of electromyogram spectra with force spectra during human elbow tremor.
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A mechanical-reflex oscillator hypothesis for parkinsonian hand tremor
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Beitrag zum Studium des Zitterns
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Sorted by citations
Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor
Deuschl, G., Bain, P., & Brin, M. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870131303 · Cited by 1,981
Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: a tale of two circuits?
Helmich, R. C., Hallett, M., Deuschl, G., Toni, I., & Bloem, B. R. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws023 · Cited by 581
“Evidence for this view comes from work showing that peripheral deafferentation (Pollock and Davis, 1930), peripheral anaesthesia of tremulous muscles (Walshe, 1924) and mechanical perturbations (Lee and Stein, 1981; Homberg et al., 1987) have little effect on Parkinson’s disease tremor although peripheral reflexes (mu…”
BackgroundDeuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M., & Krack, P. (2001) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.1063 · Cited by 508
“Such a mechanism is also influenced by thyroid hormones.(100,107) This mechanism can also be identified by spectral analysis when the tremor is measured with and without added load.”
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The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor: a review
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“Several studies demonstrated absent frequency reduction following loading of the trembling limb in parkinsonian patients [58, 143, 35].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Homberg, V, Hefter, H., Reiners, K., & Freund, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1987-05-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 568-579
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1031968
- OpenAlex
- W2063522790
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- physiological tremor, pathological tremor, postural tremor, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, mass-spring system
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Electromyography, Hand, Humans, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Tremor, Wrist
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