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Female genital alteration: a compromise solution
Open accessAbstract
Despite 30 years of advocacy, the prevalence of non-therapeutic female genital alteration (FGA) in minors is stable in many countries. Educational efforts have minimally changed the prevalence of this procedure in regions where it has been widely practiced. In order to better protect female children from the serious and long-term harms of some types of non-therapeutic FGA, we must adopt a more nuanced position that acknowledges a wide spectrum of procedures that alter female genitalia. We offer a revised categorisation for non-therapeutic FGA that groups procedures by effect and not by process. Acceptance of de minimis procedures that generally do not carry long-term medical risks is culturally sensitive, does not discriminate on the basis of gender, and does not violate human rights. More morbid procedures should not be performed. However, accepting de minimis non-therapeutic f FGA procedures enhances the effort of compassionate practitioners searching for a compromise position that respects cultural differences but protects the health of their patients.
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Two decades later, medical ethicists endorsed de minimis forms of FGM/C, such as pricking, that were said to bear no long-term medical risks.
“Two decades later, medical ethicists endorsed “de minimis” forms of FGM/C, such as pricking, that were said to bear no long-term medical risks [ 18 ].”
From Medicalized Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Contentious Practices and Persistent Debates (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Arora, K. S., & Jacobs, A. J.
- Affiliations
- MetroHealth (US)
- Coney Island Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arora, Kavita Shah
- ORCID
- Arora, Kavita Shah
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Ethics
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2016-02-22
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 148-154
- ISSN
- 0306-6800 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-4257
- OpenAlex
- W2288078301
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 12.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Ethics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Ethics and Legal Issues in Pediatric Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Genital Health and Disease
- Keywords
- minors, cultural sensitivity, human rights, gender discrimination, patient protection, medical ethics, cultural relativism
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Asia, Southeastern, Child, Child, Preschool, Cultural Characteristics, Ethics, Medical, Asia, Eastern, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle East, Terminology as Topic, Politics, Religion, Risk, Safety, Prevalence, Circumcision, Female, Western World, Ethical Theory, Minors, Parental Consent, Human Rights Abuses, Emigrants and Immigrants, Sexism, Culturally Competent Care
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