Cited by 788Sleep and Work-Related FatigueWorkplace Health and Well-beingOccupational Health and Safety in Workplaces

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The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States

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Dembe, A E, Erickson, J B, Delbos, R G, Banks, S M·2005·Occupational and Environmental Medicine

DOI 10.1136/oem.2004.016667PMC PMC1741083

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Abstract

Aims: To analyse the impact of overtime and extended working hours on the risk of occupational injuries and illnesses among a nationally representative sample of working adults from the United States. Methods: Responses from 10 793 Americans participating in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were used to evaluate workers’ job histories, work schedules, and occurrence of occupational injury and illness between 1987 and 2000. A total of 110 236 job records were analysed, encompassing 89 729 person-years of accumulated working time. Aggregated incidence rates in each of five exposure categories were calculated for each NLSY survey period. Multivariate analytical techniques were used to estimate the relative risk of long working hours per day, extended hours per week, long commute times, and overtime schedules on reporting a work related injury or illness, after adjusting for age, gender, occupation, industry, and region. Results: After adjusting for those factors, working in jobs with overtime schedules was associated with a 61% higher injury hazard rate compared to jobs without overtime. Working at least 12 hours per day was associated with a 37% increased hazard rate and working at least 60 hours per week was associated with a 23% increased hazard rate. A strong dose-response effect was observed, with the injury rate (per 100 accumulated worker-years in a particular schedule) increasing in correspondence to the number of hours per day (or per week) in the workers’ customary schedule. Conclusions: Results suggest that job schedules with long working hours are not more risky merely because they are concentrated in inherently hazardous industries or occupations, or because people working long hours spend more total time “at risk” for a work injury. Strategies to prevent work injuries should consider changes in scheduling practices, job redesign, and health protection programmes for people working in jobs involving overtime and extended hours.

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“numerous other studies that long working hours is strongly correlated with the health and safety of workers, injury rates, adverse events and human errors (Caruso et al. 2006; Dembe et al. 2005; Olds and Clarke 2010).”
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“This is consistent with previous literature (Dembe et al. 2005; Ilhan et al. 2006; Trinkoff et al. 2006; Lockley et al. 2007; de Castro et al. 2009; Gershon et al. 2009), and might be explained by the fact that long working hours cause fatigue, increase exposure time to hazards, and reduce recovery…”
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“For example, overtime schedules have been associated with injury rates 61% higher than standard working hours, while shifts 12-hours or longer have been associated with a 37% increased injury rate (Dembe et al., 2005).”
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Factors associated with occupational accidents during part-time work among international students in Japan
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Authors: Dembe, A. E., Erickson, J. B., Delbos, R. G., & Banks, S. M.
Affiliations: University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Corresponding author: Dembe, A E
ORCID: Dembe, A E
Venue: Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2005-08-18
Volume: 62
Issue: 9
Pages: 588-597
ISSN: 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
1351-0711
1470-7926
DOI: 10.1136/oem.2004.016667
PMC: PMC1741083
OpenAlex: W2111942718
Cited by: 788
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 30.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (R01-OH07576)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
Keywords: overtime, long working hours, occupational injuries, occupational diseases, work schedules, dose-response relationship, injury risk, commuting time, job redesign, occupational injury prevention
MeSH terms: Accidents, Occupational, Adult, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases, Time Factors, United States, Work Schedule Tolerance, Wounds and Injuries

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The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States

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