Stress in farmers: a survey of farmers in England and Wales
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate potential sources of stress for farmers in England and Wales METHOD: A postal questionnaire was sent to a randomly selected group of 800 members of the National Farmers' Union and 200 members of the Farmers' Union of Wales. RESULTS: 500 questionnaires (51%) were returned completed between October 1995 and March 1996. Farmers had problems with record keeping and paperwork (62%), difficulty understanding forms (56%), and problems arising from the effects of new legislation and regulations (49%). Nearly a quarter (23%) reported financial problems and most worried about money (79%). Very few were socially isolated, with over 90% having at least one confidant. 70% worked > 10 hours a day, and 31% had health problems which interfered with their work, including more than a quarter of those < 50. 16% of the sheep farmers reported symptoms which they attributed to organophosphate poisoning. The farmers most vulnerable to financial and other problems were those with small farms and mixed farming operations. Farmers in Wales also seemed more vulnerable than those in England, but a lower response rate from members of the Farmers' Union of Wales means this difference should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSION: The survey confirms findings from several regional studies that many farmers are experiencing considerable stress from various causes. Local and national initiatives to assist farmers, including outreach programmes, should be encouraged. Policy makers should be aware of the potential impact of legislation, particularly on the more vulnerable groups.
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Individuals in green professions are exposed to risk factors for chronic pain, pain severity and mental disorders such as major depressive disorder.
“In addition, they are exposed to risk factors for chronic pain, pain severity and mental disorders (eg, major depressive disorder (MDD)).”
From Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a guided internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to improve chronic pain-related disability in green professions (PACT-A): Study protocol of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
The Health section reports back problems and arthritis among farmers, and the Social Support section says some respondents identified loneliness and isolation as possible causes of depression. The paper does not establish risk factors for chronic pain or pain severity, or specifically for major depressive disorder; its survey also concerns farmers in England and Wales rather than green professions generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRisk factors for green professions include financial pressures, high administrative workload, long working hours, high stress levels, part-time jobs off the farm, health problems and preceding work accidents.
“Most of these risk factors comprise, for example, financial pressures, high administrative workload, long working hours, high stress levels, part-time jobs off the farm, health problems and preceding work accidents.22–25”
From Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a guided internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to improve chronic pain-related disability in green professions (PACT-A): Study protocol of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
The Abstract and sections on long hours, health, and legislation report financial worries, paperwork-related stress, long working hours, and health problems among farmers in England and Wales. The cited paper does not support the listed off-farm part-time jobs or preceding work accidents, and its findings do not establish risk factors across green professions generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Simkin, S., Hawton, K., Fagg, J., & Malmberg, A.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Hawton, K
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 729-734
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC1757527
- OpenAlex
- W2007685601
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- farmer stress, occupational stress, financial stress, record keeping, paperwork, agricultural law, health problems, working hours, social isolation, small farms, mixed farming, sheep farmers, organophosphate poisoning, farmers' unions, England and Wales
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Agricultural Workers' Diseases, England, Female, Humans, Income, Insecticides, Legislation as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Organophosphorus Compounds, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Wales, Occupational Exposure
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