Modifiable risk factors for depressed mood among farmers
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Risk for depression among farmers is not fully understood. DSM-IV considers sadness or depressed mood a critical symptom of depression. The aim of this study was to examine risk factors for depressed mood among farmers using a longitudinal study design. METHODS: Participants were principal farm operators in the Iowa Certified Safe Farm study. We identified risk factors for depressed mood by calculating relative risks (RR) using the generalized estimating equations method. RESULTS: In the multivariate model, pesticide exposure (RR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.53), having an additional job off the farm (RR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.62), stress (RR = 3.09; 95% CI: 2.55 to 3.75), and previous injury (RR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.89) prospectively increased the risk of depressed mood. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with earlier non-longitudinal studies, the results of this study suggest that reducing pesticide exposure, stress, and injury may reduce the risk of depression in the farm setting.
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Risk factors for green professions include financial pressures, high administrative workload, long working hours, high stress levels, part-time jobs off the farm, health problems and preceding work accidents.
“Most of these risk factors comprise, for example, financial pressures, high administrative workload, long working hours, high stress levels, part-time jobs off the farm, health problems and preceding work accidents.22–25”
Individuals in green professions are exposed to risk factors for chronic pain, pain severity and mental disorders such as major depressive disorder.
“In addition, they are exposed to risk factors for chronic pain, pain severity and mental disorders (eg, major depressive disorder (MDD)).”
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- Authors
- Onwuameze, O. E., Paradiso, S., Peek-Asa, C., Donham, K. J., & Rautiainen, R. H.
- Affiliations
- SIU Medicine (US)
- Universidad Diego Portales (CL)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Paradiso, Sergio
- Venue
- Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 83-90
- ISSN
- 1040-1237 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-3325
- OpenAlex
- W87003623
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- depressive mood, farmers, occupational depression, pesticide exposure, occupational stress, injury history, off-farm employment, modifiable risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Agricultural Workers' Diseases, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Iowa, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Pesticides, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Wounds and Injuries, Multivariate Analysis, Occupational Exposure
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