CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 260Sleep and Work-Related FatigueWorkplace Health and Well-beingCircadian rhythm and melatonin

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Work shift duration: a review comparing eight hour and 12 hour shift systems.

Open access
Smith, L, Folkard, S, Tucker, P, Macdonald, I·1998·Occupational and Environmental Medicine
DOI 10.1136/oem.55.4.217PMC PMC1757571
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Shiftwork is now a major feature of working life across a broad range of industries. The features of the shift systems operated can impact on the wellbeing, performance, and sleep of shiftworkers. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on one major characteristic of shift rotas-namely, shift duration. Evidence comparing the relative effects of eight hour and 12 hour shifts on fatigue and job performance, safety, sleep, and physical and psychological health are considered. At the organisational level, factors such as the mode of system implementation, attitudes towards shift rotas, sickness absence and turnover, overtime, and moonlighting are discussed. METHODS: Manual and electronic searches of the shiftwork research literature were conducted to obtain information on comparisons between eight hour and 12 hour shifts. RESULTS: The research findings are largely equivocal. The bulk of the evidence suggests few differences between eight and 12 hour shifts in the way they affect people. There may even be advantages to 12 hour shifts in terms of lower stress levels, better physical and psychological wellbeing, improved durations and quality of off duty sleep as well as improvements in family relations. On the negative side, the main concerns are fatigue and safety. It is noted that a 12 hour shift does not equate with being active for only 12 hours. CONCLUSIONS: There can be considerable extension of the person's time awake either side of the shift. However, the effects of longer term exposure to extended work days have been relatively uncharted in any systematic way. Longitudinal comparative research into the chronic impact of the compressed working week is needed.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/oem.55.4.217

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 65 references

2 of the 65 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. Akerstedt T. Sleepiness at work: eVects of irregular work hours. In: T Monk, ed. Sleep, sleepiness and performance. Chichester: Wiley, 1991:129–52.
  2. A Wedderburn, ed. Compressed working time. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 1996:7. (Bulletin of European Studies of Time No 10.)
  3. Underwood AB. What a 12-hour shift oVers. Am J Nurs 1975;75:1176–8.
  4. Moores J. A meta-analytic review of the eVects of compressed work schedules. Applied Human Resource Management Research 1990;1:12–8.
  5. Wallace M, Owens W, Levens M. Adaptation to twelve hour shifts. In: Costa G, Cesana G, Kogi K, et al, eds. Shiftwork: health, sleep and performance. Frankrurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1990.
  6. Johnston M, Pollard B, Manktelow A, et al. Stress and information processing in 8 and 12-hour nursing shifts. The pychologist 1989.
  7. Smiley A, Moray NP. Review of 12-hour shifts at nuclear generating stations. Ottawa, Canada: Report to Atomic Energy Control Board, 1989. (Project No 2.131.1.)
  8. Pollock C, Cross R, Taylor P. Influences of 12 versus 8 hour shiftwork on injury patterns. International Ergonomics Association. Ergonomie et Lieux de Travail 1994;5:19–21.
  9. Gould S. Safety considerations related to 12-hour shift schedules. Nuclear Safety 1989;30:103–5.
  10. Moretz S. Rotational shifts: are they harmful to workers’ health? Occupational Hazards 1987;49:54–7.
  11. Conrad-Betschart H. Designing new shift schedules: participation as a critical factor for an improvement. In: Costa G, Cesana G, Kogi K, et al, eds. Shiftwork: health, sleep and performance. Frankrurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1990.
  12. Tepas DI. Condensed working hours: questions and issues. In: Costa G, Cesana G, Kogi K, et al, eds. Shiftwork: health, sleep and performance. Frankrurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1990.
  13. Jozef D. Morbidity and absenteeism rates for operators connected with duration of shift. Handbook of work and organizational psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 1984:283–9.
  14. Hoekstra F, Jansen B, Van Goudoever B. The compressed working week. Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, Co Dublin, Ireland: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 1994.
  15. Axelsson J, Kecklund G, Lowden A, et al. Alternating 8 and 12 hour shifts: diVerences in sleep and sleepiness. In: Harma M, et al, eds. New challenges for the organisation of night and shiftwork [abstracts]. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1997.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 260

Related

Metadata

Authors
Smith, L., Folkard, S., Tucker, P., & Macdonald, I.
Affiliations
University of Leeds (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Publisher
BMJ
Published
1998-04
Volume
55
Issue
4
Pages
217-229
ISSN
  • 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
  • 1351-0711
  • 1470-7926
DOI
10.1136/oem.55.4.217
PMC
PMC1757571
OpenAlex
W2164788581
Cited by
259
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
FWCI
2.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords
shift work, shift length, 12-hour shifts, 8-hour shifts, fatigue, employee performance, occupational safety, sleep quality, psychological well-being, physical health, sick leave, turnover, overtime, moonlighting, family relationships
MeSH terms
Absenteeism, Family Relations, Fatigue, Humans, Occupations, Personnel Turnover, Physical Fitness, Safety, Sleep, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Work Schedule Tolerance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review