The clinical spectrum of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and challenges to management
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. T vaginalis infections in women can range from asymptomatic to acute inflammatory vaginitis. In men, this infection is typically asymptomatic but is increasingly being recognised as a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis of T vaginalis has traditionally been made by direct microscopic examination of a wet mount of vaginal fluid or through the use of culture. The recent commercial availability of nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of T vaginalis has seen these replace culture as the gold standard for diagnosis. Nitroimidazoles (ie, metronidazole and tinidazole) are the mainstay of therapy. In the case of treatment failure due to drug resistance or in the case of a severe nitroimidazole allergy, alternative intravaginal therapies exist, although their effectiveness has not been evaluated systematically. Novel systemic agents other than nitroimidazoles for the treatment of T vaginalis are needed, and efforts to promote and support antimicrobial drug development in this setting are necessary.
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Trichomonas is a relatively common infection among WSW and WSWM, with prevalence rates higher than for chlamydia or gonorrhea, and direct transmission of trichomonas between female partners has been demonstrated.
“Trichomonas is a relatively common infection among WSW and WSWM, with prevalence rates higher than for chlamydia or gonorrhea (306,307), and direct transmission of trichomonas between female partners has been demonstrated (293,294).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [306]
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Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 2,759 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Muzny, C. A., & Schwebke, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwebke, Jane R
- ORCID
- Muzny, Christina A
- Venue
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-03-30
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 423-425
- ISSN
- 0007-134X (ISSN-L)
- 1368-4973
- 1472-3263
- OpenAlex
- W2120796351
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Urinary Tract Infections Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Keywords
- Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, vaginal infection, non-gonococcal urethritis, nucleic acid amplification tests, metronidazole, tinidazole, nitroimidazole resistance, drug hypersensitivity, intravaginal therapy, antimicrobial drug development, diagnosis, treatment
- MeSH terms
- Antiprotozoal Agents, Female, Humans, Male, Nitroimidazoles, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Trichomonas Infections, Trichomonas vaginalis, Urethritis, Vaginitis, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Asymptomatic Diseases
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