A randomized controlled trial of partner notification methods for prevention of trichomoniasis in women.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Trichomoniasis is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus. Males are usually asymptomatic, and thus there is heavy reliance on partner notification for identifying infected male partners. The usual approach is partner referral but it is estimated that only a minority of men seek care. We conducted a randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of 3 methods of partner notification. METHODS: Women were randomized to self-referral of partners (PR), partner-delivered therapy (PDPT), or public health disease intervention (DIS) locating partners and delivering medication in the field, if needed. Test-of-cure visits were conducted at 5 to 9 days after enrollment. Repeat infections at 1 and 3 months of follow-up were the measure of effectiveness. RESULTS: A total of 484 women were randomized. Initial cure rates were 95.3%. At the 1- and 3-month follow-up visits, there was no significant difference in repeat infection rates when PDPT or DIS were compared to the reference of PR. However, when PDPT was compared to DIS or PR/DIS combined, at 1 month the PDPT group had a lower repeat infection rate (5.8 vs. 15% and 5.8 vs. 12.5%, respectively). Of these, 80% of women randomized to PDPT reported delivering medication and 89% thought it likely that partners took the medication. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: PDPT for trichomoniasis was well accepted and safe in this study. Rates of repeat infection in women in this intervention were lower than those in the DIS arm and DIS/PR arm combined although when compared directly to PR there was no significant difference.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existing data indicate that EPT might have a role in partner management for trichomoniasis; however, no partner management intervention has been reported to be more effective than any other in reducing trichomoniasis reinfection rates.
“Existing data indicate that EPT also might have a role in partner management for trichomoniasis; however, no partner management intervention has been reported to be more effective than any other in reducing trichomoniasis reinfection rates (129,130).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
Expedited partner therapy probably reduced reinfection in patients and increased the number of partners treated compared with simple patient referral.
“When compared with simple patient referral, EPT probably reduced reinfection in patients and increased the number of partners treated, with four of the five trials showing a moderate difference favouring EPT (90, 95, 103, 108), while a fifth trial indicated no difference between groups, although the evidence was of low certainty (99).”
Cites
Trichomonas vaginalis Associated With Low Birth Weight and Preterm Delivery
COTCH, M. F., PASTOREK, J. G., NUGENT, R. P., HILLIER, S. L., GIBBS, R. S., MARTIN, D. H., ESCHENBACH, D. A., EDELMAN, R., CAREY, C. J., REGAN, J. A., et al. (1997) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199707000-00008 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis Increases the Risk of HIV‐1 Acquisition
McClelland, R. S., Sangaré, L. R., Hassan, W., Lavreys, L., Mandaliya, K. N., Kiarie, J. N., Ndinya‐Achola, J. O., Jaoko, W. G., & Baeten, J. M. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/511278 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Golden, M. R., Whittington, W. L. H., Handsfield, H. H., Hughes, J. P., Stamm, W. E., Hogben, M., Clark, A., Malinski, C., Helmers, J. R. L., Thomas, K. K., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa041681 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
SCHILLINGER, J. A., KISSINGER, P., CALVET, H., WHITTINGTON, W. L. H., RANSOM, R. L., STERNBERG, M. R., BERMAN, S. M., KENT, C. K., MARTIN, D. H., OH, M. K., et al. (2003) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-200301000-00011 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial.
Kissinger, P., Mohammed, H., Richardson-Alston, G., Leichliter, J. S., Taylor, S. N., Martin, D. H., & Farley, T. A. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/432476 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Pol, B. J. V. D., Williams, J. A., Orr, D. P., Batteiger, B. E., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/498217 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Clinical Manifestations of Trichomoniasis in Men
Krieger, J. N., Jenny, C., Verdon, M., Siegel, N., Springwater, R., Critchlow, C. W., & Holmes, K. K. (1993) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-118-11-199306010-00003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Prevention of Vaginal Trichomoniasis by Compliant Use of the Female Condom
Soper, D. E., Shoupe, D., Shangold, G. A., Shangold, M. M., Gutmann, J. N., & Mercer, L. J. (1993) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199305000-00003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
KISSINGER, P. J., Brown, R., Reed, K., Salifou, J. H., Drake, A. J., Farley, T. A., & Martin, D. H. (1998) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.74.5.331 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Kissinger, P., Schmidt, N., Mohammed, H., Leichliter, J. S., Gift, T. L., Meadors, B., Sanders, C., & Farley, T. A. (2006) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000204511.84485.4c · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sexual contact tracing outcome in adolescent chlamydial and gonococcal cervicitis cases
Oh, M. K., Boker, J. R., Genuardi, F. J., Cloud, G. A., Reynolds, J., & Hodgens, J. B. (1996) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/1054-139x(95)00109-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Partner Referral by Patients With Gonorrhea and Chlamydial Infection
van de Laar, M. J. W., Termorshuizen, F., & van den Hoek, A. (1997) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199707000-00005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Saurina, G. R., & McCormack, W. M. (1997) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-199707000-00009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tidwell, B. H., Lushbaugh, W. B., Laughlin, M., Cleary, J. D., & Finley, R. W. (1994) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/170.1.242 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Single dose of two grams of metronidazole for Trichomonas vaginalis infection
FLEURY, F. J., Bergen, W. S. V., Prentice, R. L., Russell, J. G., Singleton, J. A., & Standard, J. V. (1977) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(77)90630-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Single-dose metronidazole treatment for vaginal trichomoniasis.
Jg, L. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Young, T., Kock, A. D., Jones, H. E., Altini, L., Ferguson, T., & van de Wijgert, J. H. H. M. (2007) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1258/095646207780749781 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Aubert, J., & Sesta, H.-J. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 19 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 2,759 · see citing works
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010
Workowski, K., & BOLAN, G. A. (2011) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.04.006 · Cited by 2,074 · see citing works
Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues
KISSINGER, P. J. (2015) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1055-0 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Sherrard, J., Wilson, J., Donders, G., Mendling, W., & Jensen, J. S. (2018) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462418785451 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review
KISSINGER, P. J., & Adamski, A. (2013) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-051005 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Strategies for partner notification for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV
Ferreira, A., Young, T., Mathews, C., Zunza, M., & Low, N. N. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002843.pub2 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Meites, E., Gaydos, C. A., Hobbs, M. M., KISSINGER, P. J., Nyirjesy, P., Schwebke, J. R., Secor, W. E., Sobel, J. D., & Workowski, K. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ738 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of contact tracing in the control of infectious diseases: a systematic review
Hossain, A. D., Jarolimova, J., Elnaiem, A. D., Huang, C. X., Richterman, A. G., & Ivers, L. C. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00001-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Trichomonas vaginalis infection
Gerwen, O. T. V., & Muzny, C. A. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.19972.1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Treatment of Trichomoniasis
KISSINGER, P. J. (2015) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-015-0484-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Althaus, C. L., Turner, K. M., Mercer, C. H., Auguste, P., Roberts, T. E., Bell, G., Herzog, S. A., Cassell, J. A., Edmunds, W. J., White, P. J., et al. (2014) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta18020 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
KISSINGER, P. J., Gaydos, C. A., Seña, A. C., McClelland, R. S., Soper, D. E., Secor, W. E., Legendre, D. P., Workowski, K., & Muzny, C. A. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac030 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2014
Sherrard, J., Ison, C., Moody, J., Wainwright, E., Wilson, J., & Sullivan, A. K. (2014) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462414525947 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gerwen, O. T. V., Opsteen, S., Graves, K. J., & Muzny, C. A. (2023) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2023.02.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The clinical spectrum of<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>infection and challenges to management
Muzny, C. A., & Schwebke, J. R. (2013) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050893 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMeites, E. (2013) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2013.06.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Why Does Trichomonas vaginalis Continue to be a “Neglected” Sexually Transmitted Infection?
Muzny, C. A. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy085 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Seth, P., Wingood, G. M., Robinson, L. S., Raiford, J. L., & DiClemente, R. J. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0940-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Davis, A., Dasgupta, A., Goddard‐Eckrich, D., & El‐Bassel, N. (2016) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000503 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Jamison, C. D., Coleman, J. S., & Mmeje, O. O. (2019) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000003088 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Li, Y., You, S., Lee, K., Yaesoubi, R., Hsu, K., Gift, T. L., Chesson, H. W., Berruti, A. A., Salomon, J. A., & Rönn, M. M. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad047 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sherrard, J., Pitt, R., Russell-Hobbs, K., Maynard, M., Cochrane, E., Wilson, J., & Tipple, C. (2022) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624221103035 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Expedited Partner Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections: An Update
KISSINGER, P. J., & Hogben, M. (2011) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-010-0159-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gannon-Loew, K. E., Holland-Hall, C. M., & Bonny, A. E. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2017.01.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Qualitative Study of Patients' Use of Expedited Partner Therapy
Temkin, E., Klassen, A. C., Mmari, K., & Gillespie, D. G. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31820cb206 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kerns, J., Jones, H. E., Pressman, E. J., Fratarelli, L. A., Garth, J. R., & Westhoff, C. L. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318214bb83 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lazenby, G. B., Unal, E. R., Andrews, A. L., & Simpson, K. (2013) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Patient-Delivered Partner Therapy for Chlamydial Infections
Jotblad, S., Park, I. U., Bauer, H. M., Barandas, A., Deal, M., & Amey, A. L. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318237b723 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mayanja, Y., Mukose, A. D., Nakubulwa, S. K., Omosa-Manyonyi, G., Kamali, A., & Guwatudde, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155383 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Clinical update in sexually transmitted diseases –2014
Fanfair, R. N., & Workowski, K. (2014) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13090 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Martin, E. G., Myderrizi, A., Kim, H., Schumacher, P., Jeong, S., Gift, T. L., Hutchinson, A. B., Delaney, K. P., & Chesson, H. W. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.08.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Expedited partner therapy for sexually transmitted infections
Hogben, M., Kidd, S., & Burstein, G. R. (2012) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0b013e3283577e9d · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Approach to Managing Sex Partners of People with Sexually Transmitted Infections
Hansman, E., & Klausner, J. D. (2023) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2023.02.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ricks, J. M., Swartzendruber, A. L., Sales, J. M., Boyce, L. S., DiClemente, R. J., & Rose, E. (2015) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh15050 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jones, H. E., Holloway, I. W., Pressman, E. J., Meier, J., & Westhoff, C. L. (2013) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462412473888 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trichomoniasis and Other Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases in Women
Muzny, C. A., George, S. D., KISSINGER, P. J., & Gerwen, O. T. V. (2025) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000945 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Predictors of Male Partner Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infection
Secura, G. M., Desir, F. A., Mullersman, J. L., Madden, T. E., Allsworth, J. E., & Peipert, J. F. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31825ec611 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Should Expedited Partner Treatment for Women With Trichomonas vaginalis be Recommended?
KISSINGER, P. J. (2010) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181dd27ba · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gannon-Loew, K. E., Holland-Hall, C. M., Ebersole, A. M., Alexy, E. R., Jackson, K., & Bonny, A. E. (2021) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001436 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nunns, M., Febrey, S., Becker, K., Weiland, M., Buckland, J., Abbott, R. A., Whear, R., Bethel, A., Shaw, L., Boddy, K., et al. (2026) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/84805 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Issues in Men’s Reproductive Health
KISSINGER, P. J., Sanusi, A., & Bell, D. L. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00007-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
KISSINGER, P. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00052-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
KISSINGER, P. J., Gerwen, O. T. V., & Muzny, C. A. (2021) · Neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63384-4_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does Antiretroviral Therapy Interfere With the Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis Among HIV+ Women?
KISSINGER, P. J., Adamski, A., Clark, R. A., Mena, L. A., Levison, J. E., & Martin, D. H. (2013) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31829335fe · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Trichomonas vaginalis Infections
Muzny, C. A., & KISSINGER, P. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56694-8_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Babesiosis and Other Protozoan Diseases
Telford, S. R., & Krause, P. J. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1604-7.00572-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Don't Reinfect the Messenger: Partner-Delivered Therapy and Trichomoniasis Prevention
Wald, A. (2010) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/wh201007010000003
Babesiosis and Other Protozoan Diseases
Telford, S. R., & Krause, P. J. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1604-7.00361-4
Restos arqueológicos, no "xardín do posío" da cidade de Ourense
Grandal, L. O. (2000) · Boletín auriense
O'Neill, A. M. (2011) · Series in maternal-fetal medicine · doi:10.3109/9781841848235.036
Bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis and management
(2023) · Pharmaceutical journal/The pharmaceutical journal · doi:10.1211/pj.2023.1.188606
Challenges in Male Partner Referral Among Trichomonas vaginalis–Infected Women
Pearlman, R. L., Gerwen, O. T. V., Aaron, K. J., KISSINGER, P. J., & Muzny, C. A. (2024) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001918
Expedited Partner Therapy Review
Jackson, K. J., & Pickett, M. L. (2024) · Pediatric Emergency Care · doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000003275
Hall, K., Lu, H., Wong, A. K. C., McNulty, A. M., & Bourne, C. (2025) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh24230
Ssepuuya, M., & Mubangizi, P. (2025) · Journal of World Health Research · doi:10.71020/jwhr.v2i6.52
Kamalu, N. A., Kamalu, C. S., Egbe, C. U., Ihejirika, U. D. G., Asianuba, R., & Anukam, U. S. (2025) · Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Journal of Basic and Environmental Research · doi:10.63561/jber.v2i4.1035
Gerwen, O. T. V., KISSINGER, P. J., & Muzny, C. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45863-7.00042-1
- Authors
- Schwebke, J. R., & Desmond, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwebke, Jane R.
- Venue
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 392-396
- ISSN
- 0148-5717 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985471092
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI050718)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Keywords
- trichomoniasis, partner notification, recurrent infections, women, sexually transmitted infections, medication adherence, cure rate
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Antiprotozoal Agents, Female, Humans, Male, Preventive Health Services, Referral and Consultation, Sexual Partners, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Trichomonas Infections, Trichomonas vaginalis, Contact Tracing, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
