Breathomics for the clinician: the use of volatile organic compounds in respiratory diseases
Open accessAbstract
Exhaled breath analysis has the potential to provide valuable insight on the status of various metabolic pathways taking place in the lungs locally and other vital organs, via systemic circulation. For years, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as feasible alternative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for different respiratory pathologies. We reviewed the currently published literature on the discovery of exhaled breath VOCs and their utilisation in various respiratory diseases Key barriers in the development of clinical breath tests include the lack of unified consensus for breath collection and analysis and the complexity of understanding the relationship between the exhaled VOCs and the underlying metabolic pathways. We present a comprehensive overview, in light of published literature and our experience from coordinating a national breathomics centre, of the progress made to date and some of the key challenges in the field and ways to overcome them. We particularly focus on the relevance of breathomics to clinicians and the valuable insights it adds to diagnostics and disease monitoring. Breathomics holds great promise and our findings merit further large-scale multicentre diagnostic studies using standardised protocols to help position this novel technology at the centre of respiratory disease diagnostics.
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Several cohort studies using different eNose devices have shown that breathprints differed significantly between patients with ILD and healthy controls (100% accuracy), IPF and healthy controls (98.5% accuracy) and IPF and non-IPF ILD (91% accuracy).
“Several cohort studies using different eNose devices have shown that breathprints differed significantly between patients with ILD and healthy controls (100% accuracy), IPF and healthy controls (98.5% accuracy) and IPF and non-IPF ILD (91% accuracy) (Ibrahim et al., 2021; van der Sar et al., 2021).”
From Pulmonary fibrosis: Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies (2023) · cites this paper as Ibrahim et al., 2021
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Cluster analysis on breath print of newly diagnosed COPD patients: effects of therapy
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Noninvasive tools to assess liver disease
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Potential confounders in the asthma–diet association: how causal approach could help?
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Canvassing the aetiology, prognosis and molecular signatures of obstructive sleep apnoea
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Sorted by citations
End-to-end design of wearable sensors
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Pulmonary fibrosis: Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies
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- Authors
- Ibrahim, W., Carr, L., Cordell, R., Wilde, M. J., Salman, D., Monks, P. S., Thomas, P., Brightling, C. E., Siddiqui, S., & Greening, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (GB)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Greening, Neil J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Thorax
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-01-07
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 514-521
- ISSN
- 0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3296
- PMC
- PMC7611078
- OpenAlex
- W3118534440
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Thorax (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Leicester (RM63J0013)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- breathomics, breath analysis, volatile organic compounds, respiratory diseases, diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic factors, disease surveillance, clinical implementation, lung metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Breath Tests, Humans, Lung, Respiration Disorders, Biomarkers, Exhalation, Volatile Organic Compounds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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