The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Abstract
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“in addition to gravimetry measurements [14,15], a large panel of chromatography strategies have been developed, like thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) [16].”
From The use of fluorescent Nile red and BODIPY for lipid measurement in microalgae (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF TOTAL LIPIDES FROM ANIMAL TISSUES
Folch, J., Lees, M., & Stanley, G. H. S. (1957) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64849-5 · Cited by 65,189
PREPARATION OF LIPIDE EXTRACTS FROM BRAIN TISSUE
Folch, J., Ascoli, I., Lees, M. B., Meath, J. A., & Lebaron, F. N. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55987-1 · Cited by 1,341
Storage of Frozen Plaice Fillets
Dyer, W. J., & Morton, M. L. (1956) · Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada · doi:10.1139/f56-007 · Cited by 69
Self-citationBonner, W. D. (1910) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j150116a004 · Cited by 46
Dambergs, N. (1956) · Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada · doi:10.1139/f56-045 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- BANCROFT W., 1895, Phys. Iiev., 3, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 35,901–36,000 of 48,846
Molecular species of phospholipid in rat hepatomas and in fetal, regenerating, and adult rat livers.
Satouchi, K., Mizuno, T., Samejima, Y., et al. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 9
[21] Analysis of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in caveolar membranes
Dobrowsky, R. T., & Gazula, V. (2000) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(00)11080-8 · Cited by 9
Porreco, R. P., Merritt, T. A., & Gluck, L. (1980) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(80)90640-7 · Cited by 9
Aizawa, M., Tomono, S., & Suzuki, S. (1977) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)83253-6 · Cited by 9
Essential fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome : relationship between mother and child
Al, M. D. M. (1994) · doi:10.26481/dis.19940922ma · Cited by 9
Characterization of gastric mucosal membranes
Sen, P. C., & Ray, T. K. (1980) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(80)90036-3 · Cited by 9
Julienne, M., Vergnolle, C., & Kader, J. (1981) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1970763 · Cited by 9
Ushio, H., Ohshima, T., & Koizumi, C. (1996) · Fisheries Science · doi:10.2331/fishsci.62.126 · Cited by 9
Middleton, B. S., Hatton, J., & White, D. A. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90938-5 · Cited by 9
Possible receptor for exfoliative toxins produced by Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus aureus
Tanabe, T., Sato, H., Ueda, K., et al. (1995) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.63.4.1591-1594.1995 · Cited by 9
Zerial, A., Gelman, I. W., & Firshein, W. (1978) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.135.1.78-89.1978 · Cited by 9
Limitations of the hemoglobin method for detecting lipid hydroperoxides
Matsushita, S., Terao, J., & Shibata, S. S. (1987) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(87)80042-4 · Cited by 9
Bomalaski, J. S., Goldstein, C. S., Dailey, A. T., et al. (1986) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/0090-1229(86)90084-x · Cited by 9
Dubois, C., & Rampini, C. (1979) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/s0300-9084(79)80448-4 · Cited by 9
Justin, A., & MAZLIAK, P. (1992) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(92)90179-y · Cited by 9
Effects of prolactin in vitro on the metabolism of glucose by rat mammary gland
McLean, P. (1960) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(60)90768-x · Cited by 9
The mechanism of the biosynthesis of cardiolipin in mitochondria
Stanaćev, N. Ž., Davidson, J. B., Stuhne-sekalec, L., et al. (1972) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(72)90935-7 · Cited by 9
van Hummel, H. C. (1974) · Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie · doi:10.1016/s0044-328x(74)80029-2 · Cited by 9
Effect of purified phospholipases on the binding of tetrodotoxin to axon plasma membrane
Chacko, G. K. (1979) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/bf01869082 · Cited by 9
Bjerve, K. S. (1982) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)86005-3 · Cited by 9
Fatty acids of Trypanosoma cruzi
Timm, S. L., Netto, A. D. P., & Oliveira, M. M. (1982) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0305-0491(82)90400-x · Cited by 9
Stafford, R. E., Zhang, Y.-Y., Deems, R. A., et al. (1993) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(93)90215-u · Cited by 9
Payrastre, B., Plantavid, M. M., & Chap, H. (1991) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80068-4 · Cited by 9
Measurement of blood levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol in man by high-performance liquid chromatography
Devgun, M. S., & Paterson, C. R. (1986) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87085-0 · Cited by 9
Jaworsky, M., & Mendelsohn, R. (1987) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(87)83211-3 · Cited by 9
Lethal body burdens of four organophosphorus pesticides in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Ohayo-Mitoko, G. J. A., & Deneer, J. W. (1993) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(05)80058-0 · Cited by 9
Morimoto, K., & Kanoh, H. (1980) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(80)90223-4 · Cited by 9
Fawkes, J., Albro, P. W., Walters, D. B., et al. (1982) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00248a048 · Cited by 9
Mouton, R., Genade, S., Huisamen, B., et al. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf00230331 · Cited by 9
Lefevre, M., Goudey-Lefevre, J., & Roheim, P. S. (1989) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02544075 · Cited by 9
Distinguishable patterns of phospholipid susceptibility to catabolism in senescing carnation petals
Brown, J. H., Chambers, J. A., & Thompson, J. E. (1991) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)85095-h · Cited by 9
Morikawa, S., Taniguchí, S., Mori, K., et al. (1985) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/0049-3848(85)90015-5 · Cited by 9
Two Novel Metabolic Pathways of 22-Oxacalcitriol (OCT)
Kamao, M., Tatematsu, S., Hatakeyama, S., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m203773200 · Cited by 9
Absorption and effects of 3‐(N‐phenylamino)‐1,2‐propanediol esters in relation to toxic oil syndrome
Closa, D., Folch‐Puy, E., Calaf, R. E., et al. (2001) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-001-0823-4 · Cited by 9
Orcutt, A., Cline, T. R., & Mills, S. E. (1989) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0739-7240(89)90008-8 · Cited by 9
Aussel, C., Pelassy, C., & Bernard, A. (1995) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/1357-2725(95)00016-i · Cited by 9
Voogt, P. A. (1975) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0305-0491(75)90079-6 · Cited by 9
Gopalan, G., Jayaraman, J., & Rajamanickam, C. (1984) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(84)90264-9 · Cited by 9
Binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to the LM cell, a transformed murine fibroblast
Feller, D. J., Schroeder, F., & Bylund, D. B. (1983) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(83)90229-0 · Cited by 9
Melling, J., & Keough, K. M. W. (1981) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0305-0491(81)90386-2 · Cited by 9
Abeywardena, M. Y., McLennan, P. L., & Charnock, J. S. (1986) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0262-1746(86)90067-3 · Cited by 9
Essential histidine residues in lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase from rabbit lung
Pérez‐Gil, J., Martin, J. J., Acebal, C., et al. (1989) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90141-0 · Cited by 9
Carter, W. J., & Lynch, M. E. (1994) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)90110-4 · Cited by 9
Human spermatozoa produce C16-platelet-activating factor
Sanwick, J. M., Talaat, R. E., Kuzan, F. B., et al. (1992) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90508-t · Cited by 9
Azuma, Y., Kawasaki, T., Ohno, K., et al. (1999) · The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1254/jjp.79.151 · Cited by 9
Morgado, N., Julio Sanhueza, C., Galleguillos, A., et al. (1999) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000012799 · Cited by 9
Kaewsrithong, J., Qiau, D.-F., Ohshima, T., et al. (2000) · Fisheries Science · doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2000.00125.x · Cited by 9
Acute effects of pulmonary artery occlusion on the pool of alveolar surfactant
Baritussio, A., & Clements, J. A. (1981) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(81)90015-3 · Cited by 9
Photo-induced binding of 2,2′ ,4,4′ ,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl to cultured human cells
Bründl, A., & Buff, K. (1988) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90024-x · Cited by 9
Peel, W. E., & Thomson, A. E. R. (1980) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/0145-2126(80)90071-5 · Cited by 9
Vázouez, M., Alegret, M., Adzet, T., et al. (1993) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90121-c · Cited by 9
Effects of the Antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on the Maturation of Fetal Rat Lung Surfactant
Guettari, N., Marín, L., Bourbon, J. R., et al. (1989) · Experimental Lung Research · doi:10.3109/01902148909087850 · Cited by 9
Homa, S. T., Conroy, D. M., & Smith, A. D. (1984) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0262-1746(84)90125-2 · Cited by 9
Human platelet activation is inhibited upstream of the activation of phospholipase A2 by U73343
Heemskerk, J. W. M., Feijge, M. A. H., Sage, S. O., et al. (1997) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00888-x · Cited by 9
Further characterization of Ca2+-activated phospholipase A2 in cat adrenal cortex
Schrey, M. P., Franson, R. C., & Rubin, R. N. (1980) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/0143-4160(80)90023-8 · Cited by 9
Myrtle, J. F., & Norman, A. W. (1971) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/0039-128x(71)90078-x · Cited by 9
Isocitrate lyase in germinating seeds of Prunus dulcis
Hawker, J. S., & Bungey, D. M. (1976) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89058-5 · Cited by 9
KREMSDORF, D. L., Josephson, R. V., Spindler, A. A., et al. (1979) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb03442.x · Cited by 9
Seyama, K., & Ishibashi, T. (1987) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02537300 · Cited by 9
Ether lipid studies in mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells and a 3-methylcholanthrene-transformed clone
Cabot, M. C., & Welsh, C. J. (1981) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(81)90450-1 · Cited by 9
Pesh-Imam, M., & Recknagel, R. O. (1977) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0041-008x(77)80030-6 · Cited by 9
Jolliot, A., & MAZLIAK, P. (1973) · Plant Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-4211(73)90016-3 · Cited by 9
Phospholipase activity plays no role in the action of colicin K
Lusk, J. E., & Park, M. H. (1975) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(75)90211-4 · Cited by 9
LaBelle, E. F., & Lee, S. O. (1982) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00540a018 · Cited by 9
Effect of pro‐oxidants on the occurrence of 2‐pentyl pyridine in soy protein isolate
Boatright, W. L., Crum, A. D., & Lei, Q. (1998) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0186-5 · Cited by 9
Larbi, K. Y., & Gomperts, B. D. (1996) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1007/bf01200997 · Cited by 9
Kinetics of uptake and distribution of arachidonic acid by rat alveolar macrophages
Robinson, T. W., Duncan, D. P., & Forman, H. J. (1988) · Prostaglandins · doi:10.1016/0090-6980(88)90042-1 · Cited by 9
Effects of dexamethasone on phospholipase activities in palate mesenchyme cells in vitro
Chepenik, K. P., George, M., & Greene, R. M. (1985) · Teratology · doi:10.1002/tera.1420320116 · Cited by 9
Lipid composition and metabolism in oospores and oospheres ofAchlya americana
Fox, N. C., Coniglio, J. G., & Wolf, F. T. (1983) · Experimental Mycology · doi:10.1016/0147-5975(83)90042-7 · Cited by 9
Krone, W., BETTERIDGE, D. J., & Galton, D. J. (1979) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(79)90018-3 · Cited by 9
High density lipoprotein binding by rat Fu5AH hepatoma cells is not related to cholesterol content
Gottlieb, B. A., & Marsh, J. B. (1987) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90286-3 · Cited by 9
Adrenalectomy Decreases the Sphingomyelin and Cholesterol Content of Fat Cell Ghosts*
Murray, D. K., Ruhmann‐Wennhold, A., & Nelson, D. H. (1982) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-111-2-452 · Cited by 9
Siriwittayakorn, J., & Yuthavong, Y. (1979) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb05871.x · Cited by 9
t-Butyl hydroperoxide stimulates alveolar macrophage biosynthesis of cyclooxygenase products
Robison, T. W., & Forman, H. J. (1990) · Prostaglandins · doi:10.1016/0090-6980(90)90053-x · Cited by 9
Krissansen, G. W., Trotman, C. N. A., & Tate, W. P. (1984) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0305-0491(84)90252-9 · Cited by 9
Strum, J. C., Nixon, A. B., Daniel, L. W., et al. (1993) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(93)90077-m · Cited by 9
Mechanism of release of integral proteins from rat liver microsomal membranes
Piacentini, M., Spinedi, A., Beninati, S., et al. (1983) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(83)90004-4 · Cited by 9
Roncari, D. A. K., & Mack, E. Y. W. (1975) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90882-7 · Cited by 9
Stephens, L., & Logan, S. D. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb10914.x · Cited by 9
Effect of aging on the composition of mitochondrial membranes from potato slices
Dizengremel, P., & Kader, J. (1980) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81962-7 · Cited by 9
Nishizawa, Y., Sakurai, H., Oketani, K., et al. (1987) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(87)90568-5 · Cited by 9
Attar, M., Wong, P. T. T., Kates, M., et al. (1998) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00057-7 · Cited by 9
Lipid Content Determination in Whole Fish Using Ultrasonic Pulse Backscatter
Freese, M., & Hamid, M. A. K. (1974) · Proceedings/Proceedings - IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium · doi:10.1109/ultsym.1974.196289 · Cited by 9
Chepenik, K. P., & Waite, B. M. (1973) · Teratology · doi:10.1002/tera.1420080210 · Cited by 9
Polymyxin B enhances low density lipoprotein catabolism in hepatic and extrahepatic cells.
Liao, W., & Florén, C. ‐. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.4.503 · Cited by 9
Metabolism of isopropyl carbanilate (propham) in alfalfa grown in nutrient solution
Zurqiyah, A. A., Jordan, L. S., & Jolliffe, V. A. (1976) · Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/0048-3575(76)90006-7 · Cited by 9
The esterification of cholesterol by rat-liver preparations
Bennett, J. R. (1963) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(63)90776-5 · Cited by 9
Norström, K. (2006) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 9
Halbleib, C. M., & Ludden, P. W. (1999) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s002030050739 · Cited by 9
Narita, T., & Manire, G. P. (1976) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.125.1.308-316.1976 · Cited by 9
Myhre, A. M., Hagen, E., Blomhoff, R., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00075-8 · Cited by 9
Growth stimulation of Rous sarcoma virus‐transformed BHK cells by biotin and serum lipids
Cheng, D. K. S., & Moskowitz, M. (1982) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1041130319 · Cited by 9
de Vries, A. C. J., Schram, A. W., van den Berg, M., et al. (1987) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(87)90048-8 · Cited by 9
Ookhtens, M., Montisano, D. F., Lyon, I., et al. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 9
Comparison of uptake and incorporation of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids by frog retinas
Chen, H., & Anderson, R. E. (1993) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713689309020390 · Cited by 9
Human Stratum Corneum Lipid-Based Liposomes (hSCLLs)
Lasch, J., Schmitt, U., Papahadjopoulos‐Sternberg, B., & Schubert, R. (1994) · Journal of Liposome Research · doi:10.3109/08982109409037031 · Cited by 9
[55] Purification of F1F0 H+-ATPase from Escherichia coli
Fillingame, R. H., & Foster, D. L. (1986) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(86)26057-7 · Cited by 9
Glycerolipid Biosynthesis in Porcine Adipose Tissue In Vitro. I. Assay Conditions for Homogenates
Rule, D. C., Smith, S. B., & Mersmann, H. J. (1988) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas1988.6671656x · Cited by 9
Patel, S., & Scrutton, M. C. (1991) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2730561 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J.
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 1959-08-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 911-917
- ISSN
- 0576-5544 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2152311269
- Cited by
- 54,751
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1149 · 2025: 1534 · 2024: 1685 · 2023: 1749 · 2022: 1802 · 2021: 2073 · 2020: 2152 · 2019: 1870 · 2018: 1737 · 2017: 1784 · 2016: 1780 · 2015: 1800 · 2014: 1786 · 2013: 1758 · 2012: 1551
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development
- Keywords
- lipid extraction, lipid purification, chloroform-methanol extraction, frozen fish, lipid degradation, fish muscle, tissue homogenization, rapid extraction method
- MeSH terms
- Fishes, Lipids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review