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Conservation of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada: an uncertain future1This review is part of the virtual symposium “Flagship Species – Flagship Problems” that deals with ecology, biodiversity and management issues, and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance, including the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus).
Open accessAbstract
Caribou ( Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) play a central role in the ecology and culture of much of Canada, where they were once the most abundant cervid. Most populations are currently declining, and some face extirpation. In southern Canada, caribou range has retreated considerably over the past century. The ultimate reason for their decline is habitat alterations by industrial activities. The proximate causes are predation and, to a lesser extent, overharvest. The most southerly populations of “Mountain” caribou are at imminent risk of extirpation. Mountain caribou are threatened by similar industrial activities as Boreal caribou, and face increasing harassment from motorized winter recreational activities. Most populations of “Migratory Tundra” caribou are currently declining. Although these caribou fluctuate in abundance over decades, changing harvest technologies, climate change, increasing industrial development and human presence in the North raise doubts over whether recent declines will be followed by recoveries. The Peary caribou ( Rangifer tarandus pearyi J.A. Allen, 1902), a distinct subspecies endemic to Canada’s High Arctic, has suffered drastic declines caused by severe weather, hunting and predation. It faces an increasing threat from climate change. While some questions remain about the reasons for the decline of Migratory Tundra caribou, research has clearly identified several threats to the persistence of “Boreal”, Mountain, and Peary caribou. Scientific knowledge, however, has neither effectively influenced policies nor galvanized public opinion sufficiently to push governments into effective actions. The persistence of many caribou populations appears incompatible with the ongoing pace of industrial development.
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“some caribou declines may be linked to subtler changes in plant phenology, fire regimes, the accessibility of caribou to their predators, and densities of alternative prey (Vors andBoyce 2009, Festa-Bianchet et al. 2011).”
From Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd (2013) · cites this paper as Festa-Bianchet et al. 2011
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“In recent years, however, concern has grown over global declines in ungulate migration, including such diverse species as wildebeest (Connochaetus taurinus), saiga (Saiga tatarica), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) (Berger 2004, Bolger et al. 2008, Festa-Bianchet et al. 2011).”
From Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd (2013) · cites this paper as Festa-Bianchet et al. 2011
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Unravelling the impacts of disturbance type and regeneration on movement of threatened species
Finnegan, L. A., Viejou, R., MacNearney, D., Pigeon, K. E., & Stenhouse, G. B. (2021) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-021-01259-x · Cited by 9
Balancing Large-Scale Wildlife Protection and Forest Management Goals with a Game-Theoretic Approach
Yemshanov, D., Haight, R. G., Liu, N., Rempel, R. S., Koch, F. H., & Rodgers, A. R. (2021) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f12060809 · Cited by 9
Béguin, J., McIntire, E. J. B., Fortin, D., Cumming, S. G., Raulier, F., Racine, P., & Dussault, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078510 · Cited by 9
Huang, R. K. K., Webber, Q. M. R., Laforge, M. P., Robitaille, A. L., Bonar, M., Balluffi‐Fry, J., Zabihi‐Seissan, S., & Wal, E. V. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2020-0253 · Cited by 10
A review of population-based management of Southern mountain caribou in BCPreprint
Boutin, S. A., & Merrill, E. H. (2016) · doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.2178v1 · Cited by 9
Self-citationGenomic correlates for migratory direction in a free-ranging cervid
Bonar, M., Anderson, S. J., Anderson, C. R., Wittemyer, G., Northrup, J. M., & Shafer, A. B. A. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.1969 · Cited by 6
The ghosts of overfishing past that haunt present day fisheries management
Duplisea, D. E., Eddy, T. D., Robertson, M. D., Ruiz‐Díaz, R., Solberg, C. A., & Zhang, F. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2024-0295 · Cited by 8
Using Camera Collars to Study Survival of Migratory Caribou Calves
Vuillaume, B., Richard, J. H., & Côté, S. D. (2021) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.1193 · Cited by 8
Self-citationSize‐selective harvesting drives genomic shifts in a harvested population
Sadler, D. E., Sävilammi, T., van Dijk, S. N., Watts, P. C., & Uusi‐Heikkilä, S. (2024) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.15901 · Cited by 8
The use of coniferous forests and cutovers by Newfoundland woodland caribou
Hébert, I., & Weladji, R. B. (2013) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.011 · Cited by 8
Allen, S. E., Vogt, N. A., Stevens, B., Ruder, M. G., Jardine, C. M., & Nemeth, N. M. (2020) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/jwd-d-19-00018 · Cited by 8
Selection of both habitat and genes in specialized and endangered caribou
Cavedon, M., vonHoldt, B. M., Hebblewhite, M., Hegel, T. M., Heppenheimer, E., Hervieux, D., Mariani, S., Schwantje, H. M., Steenweg, R. W., Watters, M., et al. (2022) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13900 · Cited by 7
Multi-scale foraging decisions made by woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in summer
McNeill, E. P., Thompson, I. D., Wiebe, P. A., Street, G. M., Shuter, J. L., Rodgers, A. R., & Fryxell, J. M. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2019-0197 · Cited by 8
Boates, J. S., & Fenton, M. B. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z11-020 · Cited by 8
Calving behavior of boreal caribou in a multi-predator, multi-use landscape
DeMars, C. A. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3z02zf2p · Cited by 8
Integrating movement behaviours for intra-specific conservation: The caribou case
Hughes, M. M., Bourbon, C., Milanesi, P., Veitch, J. S. M., Deakin, S., Schwantje, H. M., Thacker, C., Pelletier, A., Polfus, J. L., Neuhaus, P., et al. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110933 · Cited by 7
Tjaden‐McClement, K., Gharajehdaghipour, T., Shores, C. R., White, S. C., Steenweg, R. W., Bourbonnais, M., Konanz, Z., & Burton, A. C. (2025) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.70040 · Cited by 9
Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Wooly Wolf (Canis lupus chanco)
Reshamwala, H. S., Bhattacharya, A., Khan, S., Shrotriya, S., Lyngdoh, S., Goyal, S. P., Kanagaraj, R., & Habib, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.815621 · Cited by 7
Genomic population structure and inbreeding history of Lake Superior caribou
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DiSilvestro, A. M., & Irvine‐Broque, A. (2023) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.13007 · Cited by 7
Supporting Inuit food sovereignty through collaborative research of an at-risk caribou herd
Hanke, A., Dumond, A., Francesco, J. D., Adams, C. L., Milton, T., Leclerc, L., Maksagak, B., Nathoo, R., Roberto‐Charron, A., Blue, G., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1306521 · Cited by 8
Wilman, E. A., & Wilman, E. N. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1970 · Cited by 7
Divergent estimates of herd‐wide caribou calf survival: Ecological factors and methodological biases
Ellington, E. H., Lewis, K. P., Koen, E. L., & Wal, E. V. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6553 · Cited by 7
Leblond, M., Rudolph, T. D., Boisjoly, D., Dussault, C., & St‐Laurent, M. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12833 · Cited by 7
Life history matters: Differential effects of abomasal parasites on caribou fitness
Dickinson, E. R., Orsel, K., Cuyler, C., & Kutz, S. J. (2023) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.01.001 · Cited by 7
Patterson, L. D., Drake, C. C., Allen, M. L., & Parent, L. (2014) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.402 · Cited by 7
The Curious Case of King William Island, Nunavut: An Island Overlooked in Caribou Research
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Jung, T. S., Larter, N. C., & Allaire, D. G. (2019) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-019-00420-x · Cited by 7
Web‐based application for threatened woodland caribou population modeling
Eacker, D. R., Hebblewhite, M., Steenweg, R. W., Russell, M., Flasko, A., & Hervieux, D. (2019) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.950 · Cited by 7
Climate change literature and information gaps in mountainous headwaters of the Columbia River Basin
Marshall, A. M., Foard, M., Cooper, C. M., Edwards, P., Hirsch, S. L., Russell, M. T., & Link, T. E. (2020) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01721-7 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Festa-Bianchet, M., Ray, J. C., Boutin, S., Côté, S. D., & Gunn, A.
- Affiliations
- Département de biologie et Centre d’études Nordiques, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Center for Northern Studies (CA)
- 368 Roland Road, Salt Spring Island, BC V8K 1V1, Canada.
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Zoology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 419-434
- ISSN
- 0008-4301 (ISSN-L)
- 1480-3283
- OpenAlex
- W1791351279
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 22.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Zoology (publishedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wildlife Conservation Society
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
- Keywords
- reindeer, caribou conservation, population decline (ecology), extirpation risk, mountain caribou, boreal caribou, Peary caribou, predation, overharvesting, climate change impacts, wildlife policy, threatened species
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