The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 10 9 neurons, 10 13 synapses
Abstract
In the quest for cognitive computing, we have built a massively parallel cortical simulator, C2, that incorporates a number of innovations in computation, memory, and communication. Using C2 on LLNL's Dawn Blue Gene/P supercomputer with 147, 456 CPUs and 144 TB of main memory, we report two cortical simulations -- at unprecedented scale -- that effectively saturate the entire memory capacity and refresh it at least every simulated second. The first simulation consists of 1.6 billion neurons and 8.87 trillion synapses with experimentally-measured gray matter thalamocortical connectivity. The second simulation has 900 million neurons and 9 trillion synapses with probabilistic connectivity. We demonstrate nearly perfect weak scaling and attractive strong scaling. The simulations, which incorporate phenomenological spiking neurons, individual learning synapses, axonal delays, and dynamic synaptic channels, exceed the scale of the cat cortex, marking the dawn of a new era in the scale of cortical simulations.
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Cites
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A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
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Cited by
Yu, S., Wu, Y., Jeyasingh, R., Kuzum, D., & Wong, H.-S. P. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/ted.2011.2147791 · Cited by 805
A digital neurosynaptic core using embedded crossbar memory with 45pJ per spike in 45nm
Merolla, P., Arthur, J., Akopyan, F., Imam, N., Manohar, R., & Modha, D. S. (2011) · 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) · doi:10.1109/cicc.2011.6055294 · Cited by 431
Self-citationLiu, S.-C., & Delbruck, T. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.03.007 · Cited by 362
Seo, J.-S., Brezzo, B., Liu, Y., Parker, B. D., Esser, S. K., Montoye, R. K., Rajendran, B., Tierno, J. A., Chang, L., Modha, D. S., et al. (2011) · 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) · doi:10.1109/cicc.2011.6055293 · Cited by 344
Self-citationModha, D. S., Ananthanarayanan, R., Esser, S. K., Ndirango, A., Sherbondy, A. J., & Singh, R. (2011) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1978542.1978559 · Cited by 326
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ananthanarayanan, R., Esser, S. K., Simon, H. D., & Modha, D. S.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2009-11-14
- Pages
- 1-12
- OpenAlex
- W2153287508
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 42.17
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Ananthanarayanan, R., Esser, S. K., Simon, H. D., & Modha, D. S. (2009). The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 10 9 neurons, 10 13 synapses. Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1145/1654059.1654124
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