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Cited by 19User Authentication and Security SystemsAdvanced Authentication Protocols SecurityWeb Application Security Vulnerabilities

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Bypassing Push-based Second Factor and Passwordless Authentication with Human-Indistinguishable Notifications

Jubur, Mohammed, Shrestha, Prakash, Saxena, Nitesh, Prakash, Jay·2021·Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security
DOI 10.1145/3433210.3453084
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Abstract

Second factor (2FA) or passwordless authentication based on notifications pushed to a user's personal device (e.g., a phone) that the user can simply approve (or deny) has become widely popular due to its convenience. In this paper, we show that the effortlessness of this approach gives rise to a fundamental design vulnerability. The vulnerability stems from the fact that the notification, as shown to the user, is not uniquely bound to the user's login session running through the browser, and thus if two notifications are sent around the same time (one for the user's session and one for an attacker's session), the user may not be able to distinguish between the two, likely ending up accepting the notification of the attacker's session.

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Metadata

Authors
Jubur, M., Shrestha, P., Saxena, N., & Prakash, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
  • Equifax (United States) (US)
  • Singapore University of Technology and Design (SG)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security
Publisher
ACM
Published
2021-05-24
Pages
447-461
DOI
10.1145/3433210.3453084
OpenAlex
W3170696348
Cited by
19
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
FWCI
2.28
Type
conference paper
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations
ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (CNS-1547350, CNS-1526524 and CNS-1714807)
  • Jazan University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › User Authentication and Security Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Authentication Protocols Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web Application Security Vulnerabilities
Keywords
second-factor authentication, passwordless authentication, push notifications, authentication bypass, mobile authentication

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Bypassing Push-based Second Factor and Passwordless Authentication with Human-Indistinguishable Notifications. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/3433210.3453084
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Jubur, M., Shrestha, P., Saxena, N., & Prakash, J. (2021). Bypassing Push-based Second Factor and Passwordless Authentication with Human-Indistinguishable Notifications. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security. https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3453084