Ransomware Mitigation in the Modern Era: A Comprehensive Review, Research Challenges, and Future Directions
Abstract
Although ransomware has been around since the early days of personal computers, its sophistication and aggression have increased substantially over the years. Ransomware, as a type of malware to extort ransom payments from victims, has evolved to deliver payloads in different attack vectors and on multiple platforms, and creating repeated disruptions and financial loss to many victims. Many studies have performed ransomware analysis and/or presented detection, defense, or prevention techniques for ransomware. However, because the ransomware landscape has evolved aggressively, many of those studies have become less relevant or even outdated. Previous surveys on anti-ransomware studies have compared the methods and results of the studies they surveyed, but none of those surveys has attempted to critique on the internal or external validity of those studies. In this survey, we first examined the up-to-date concept of ransomware, and listed the inadequacies in current ransomware research. We then proposed a set of unified metrics to evaluate published studies on ransomware mitigation, and applied the metrics to 118 such studies to comprehensively compare and contrast their pros and cons, with the attempt to evaluate their relative strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we forecast the future trends of ransomware evolution, and propose future research directions.
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The same anti-malware products can score differently in tests like VB100, AV-Comparatives, and AV-Test, even when tests are administered around the same time, indicating variations in benchmarking criteria and evaluation methodologies.
“Consider that the same anti-malware products can score differently in tests like VB100, AV-Comparatives, and AV-Test, even when tests are administered around the same time, indicating variations in benchmarking criteria and evaluation methodologies [23].”
From Inadequacies of Large Language Model Benchmarks in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
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Dynamic Distributed Secure Storage Against Ransomware
Castiglione, J., & Pavlović, D. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2019.2924650 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Analysing Indicator of Compromises for Ransomware: Leveraging IOCs with Machine Learning Techniques
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An Empirical Study of Key Generation in Cryptographic Ransomware
Bajpai, P., & Enbody, R. J. (2020) · International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security) · doi:10.1109/cybersecurity49315.2020.9138878 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Behaviour based Ransomware Detection using Neural Network Models
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Hardware based protection against malwares by PUF based access control mechanism
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Interactive Security of Ransomware with Heuristic Random Bit Generator
Rastogi, R. P., Agarwal, G., & Shukla, R. K. (2020) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7961-5_90 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Ransomware Detection Using Machine Learning: A Survey
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Privacy Preservation of Electronic Health Records in the Modern Era: A Systematic Survey
Nowrozy, R., Ahmed, K. E. U., Kayes, A. S. M., Wang, H., & McIntosh, T. R. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3653297 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationInadequacies of Large Language Model Benchmarks in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence
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A review of state-of-the-art malware attack trends and defense mechanisms
Ferdous, J., Islam, R., Mahboubi, A., & Islam, M. Z. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328351 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ransomware early detection: A survey
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Self-citationA Survey on Semantic Communication Networks: Architecture, Security, and Privacy
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Ransomware Detection Using Machine Learning: A Review, Research Limitations and Future Directions
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AI-Based Ransomware Detection: A Comprehensive Review
Ferdous, J., Islam, R., Mahboubi, A., & Islam, M. Z. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3461965 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ransomware Reloaded: Re-examining Its Trend, Research and Mitigation in the Era of Data Exfiltration
McIntosh, T. R., Sušnjak, T., Liu, T., Xu, D., Watters, P., Liu, D., Hao, Y., Ng, A., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3691340 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAl-Hawawreh, M. S., Alazab, M., Ferrag, M. A., & Hossain, M. S. (2023) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2023.103809 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zero-Ran Sniff: A zero-day ransomware early detection method based on zero-shot learning
Cen, M., Deng, X., Jiang, F., & Doss, R. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.103849 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A framework for cyber-risk insurance against ransomware: A mixed-method approach
Mukhopadhyay, A., & Jain, S. (2023) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102724 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
McIntosh, T. R., Sušnjak, T., Liu, T., Watters, P., Ng, A., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2024.3394392 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine Learning Algorithms and Frameworks in Ransomware Detection
Smith, D., Khorsandroo, S., & Roy, K. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3218779 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Applying staged event-driven access control to combat ransomware
McIntosh, T. R., Kayes, A. S. M., Chen, Y. P., Ng, A., & Watters, P. (2023) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2023.103160 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationHirano, M., & Kobayashi, R. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.104202 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Karbab, E. B., Debbabi, M., & Derhab, A. (2023) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neethirajan, S. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2025.1556157 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A comprehensive literature review on ransomware detection using deep learning
Kritika, E. (2024) · Cyber Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.csa.2024.100078 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kumamoto, T., Yoshida, Y., & Fujima, H. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3719038/v1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Survey on Ransomware Threats: Contrasting Static and Dynamic Analysis MethodsPreprint
Kang, Q., & Gu, Y. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0798.v1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cen, M., Jiang, F., & Doss, R. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.104293 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zohaib, S. M., Sajjad, S. M., Iqbal, Z., Yousaf, M., Haseeb, M., & Muhammad, Z. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15110734 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ransomware Detection on Linux Using Machine Learning with Random Forest AlgorithmPreprint
Wu, Y.-C., & Chang, Y.-L. (2024) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.171778770.06550236/v1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Evolution of Ransomware: Tactics, Techniques, and Mitigation Strategies
Nagar, G. (2024) · International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) · doi:10.18535/ijsrm/v12i06.ec09 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Efficient Ransomware Detection via Portable Executable File Image Analysis By LLaMA-7bPreprint
Li, X., Zhu, T., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3679775/v1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Trends and Future Directions in Automated Ransomware Detection
Jegede, A., Fadele, A., Onoja, M., Aimufua, G., & Mazadu, I. J. (2022) · Journal of Computing and Social Informatics · doi:10.33736/jcsi.4932.2022 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Personality Types and Ransomware Victimisation
Yilmaz, Y., Çetin, O., Grigore, C., Arief, B., & Hernandez-Castro, J. C. (2022) · Digital Threats Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3568994 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Analyzing Data Theft Ransomware Traffic Patterns Using BERTPreprint
Almeida, G., & Vasconcelos, F. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0158.v1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Early prediction of ransomware API calls behaviour based on GRU-TCN in healthcare IoT
Jeon, J., Baek, S., Jeong, B., & Jeong, Y. (2023) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540091.2023.2233716 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Enhancing Ransomware Detection: A Windows API Min Max Relevance Refinement ApproachPreprint
Kang, Q., & Gu, Y. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1004.v1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dynamic Behavioural Analysis of Privacy-Breaching and Data Theft RansomwarePreprint
Ozturk, M., Demir, A., Arslan, Z., & Caliskan, O. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4097219/v1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Enhanced Ransomware Detection Using Dual-Layer Random Forest on Opcode SequencesPreprint
Moritaka, H., & Komuro, D. (2024) · doi:10.22541/au.172193050.02354794/v1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gong, W., Zha, Y., & Tang, J. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/5vju7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bajpai, P., & Enbody, R. J. (2023) · Digital Threats Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3606022 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Similarity Analysis of Ransomware Attacks Based on ATT&CK Matrix
Song, Z., Tian, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3322427 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ransomware Detection with a 2-Tier Machine Learning Approach Using a Novel Clustering AlgorithmPreprint
Zhang, R., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4567706/v1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yan, P., & Khoei, T. T. (2025) · Franklin Open · doi:10.1016/j.fraope.2025.100256 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
RansomCillin: Leveraging NTFS Spare Space to Recover from Ransomware AttacksPreprint
Takeuchi, K., Fujima, H., Kumamoto, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24596754.v1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Applying ChatGPT-Powered Game Theory in Ransomware NegotiationsPreprint
Zhu, T., Li, X., & Zhang, W. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.170244324.48846520/v1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Multimodal Deep Learning for Android Malware Classification
Arrowsmith, J., Sušnjak, T., & Jang‐Jaccard, J. (2025) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make7010023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Applying Moving Target Defense Against Data Theft Ransomware on Windows OSPreprint
Liu, S., & Chen, X. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0948.v1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ransomware Detection with Machine Learning by Applying the Lapranove Function on BytecodePreprint
Zhong, T., & Li, J. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/zk3sw · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Xu, D., Gondal, I., Yi, X., Sušnjak, T., Watters, P., & McIntosh, T. R. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy · doi:10.3390/jcp5040087 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationJahromi, M. Z., Yaghoubi, E., Yaghoubi, E., Maghami, M. R., & Chamorro, H. R. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18010190 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Analyzing Reporting on Ransomware Incidents: A Case Study
Greubel, A., Andres, D., & Hennecke, M. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12050265 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Federated Learning-Based Ransomware Detection via Indicators of CompromisePreprint
Koike, S., Tanaka, H., & Maeda, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4585988/v1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ma, B., Yang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, F., Shen, W., Zhou, Y., & Ma, J. (2023) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/3576915.3616665 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Haner, M., Sloan, M. M., Graham, A., Pickett, J. T., & Cullen, F. T. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-022-09515-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Using ChatGPT to Analyze Ransomware Messages and to Predict Ransomware ThreatsPreprint
Fujima, H., Kumamoto, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3645967/v1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vasconcelos, F. E., & Almeida, G. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3689581/v1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
NTFS+: An Enhanced NTFS File System Against Ransomware InvasionsPreprint
Gu, Y., & Kang, Q. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3742731/v1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khadam, N., Anjum, N., Alam, A., Mirza, Q. K. A., Assam, M., Ismail, E. A. A., & Abonazel, M. R. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22823 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Decentralized Identity Verification System for Data Access to Prevent Data Exfiltration RansomwarePreprint
Takeuchi, K., Kumamoto, T., Yoshida, Y., & Fujima, H. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24732729.v1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Enhancing Ransomware Classification with Multi-stage Feature Selection and Data Imbalance Correction
Onwuegbuche, F. C., Jurcut, A. D., & Pasquale, L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34671-2_20 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evaluation of live forensic techniques, towards Salsa20-Based cryptographic ransomware mitigation
Babiano, L. F. D. L., Macfarlane, R., & Davies, S. R. H. (2023) · Forensic Science International Digital Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301572 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nowrozy, R., Ahmed, K. E. U., & Wang, H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310553 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Li, X., & Zhu, T. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24742389.v1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How to Circumvent and Beat the Ransomware in Android Operating System—A Case Study of Locker.CB!tr
Drabent, K., Janowski, R., & Batalla, J. M. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13112212 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lawall, A., & Beenken, P. (2024) · European Interdisciplinary Cybersecurity Conference (EICC) · doi:10.1145/3655693.3661321 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wang, F. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1286.v1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-Healing Networks: Adaptive Responses to Ransomware AttacksPreprint
Almeida, G., & Vasconcelos, F. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1538.v1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
MLRan: A behavioural dataset for ransomware analysis and detection
Onwuegbuche, F. C., Olaoluwa, A., Jurcut, A. D., & Pasquale, L. (2026) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2026.104475 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dissecting MacOS Ransomware: A Comparative Analysis and Mitigation StrategiesPreprint
Kowalczyk, H., Zieliński, P., & Nowak, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4385485/v1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Federated RNN-Based Detection of Ransomware Attacks: A Privacy-Preserving ApproachPreprint
Zhang, X., Wang, C., Liu, R., & Yang, S. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/szjkw · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Inside ransomware groups: An analysis of their origins, structures, and dynamics
Phipps, A., & Nurse, J. R. C. (2025) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2025.104705 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Trends and challenges in research into the human aspects of ransomware: a systematic mapping study
Murray, G., Falkeling, M., & Gao, S. H. (2024) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-12-2022-0195 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kayes, A. S. M., Rahayu, W. J., Dillon, T. S., Shahraki, A. S., & Alavizadeh, H. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3481316 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Effective Strategy for Ransomware Mitigation on Android Devices via Android OS File System APIPreprint
Ozturk, M., Yilmaz, B., Arslan, Z., & Demirbas, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4299415/v1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, Y., Yang, Y. Z., Yan, L., Ma, W., & Hou, Y. (2023) · IEEE Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC) · doi:10.1109/itaic58329.2023.10408811 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
WannaLaugh: A Configurable Ransomware Emulator - Learning to Mimic Malicious Storage Traces
Diamantopoulos, D., Pletka, R. A., Sarafijanović, S., Reddy, N., & Pozidis, H. (2024) · ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR) · doi:10.1145/3688351.3689163 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Morató, D., Berrueta, E., Magaña, E., & Izal, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4074557 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RansomCillin: Leveraging NTFS Spare Space to Recover from Ransomware AttacksPreprint
Takeuchi, K., Fujima, H., Kumamoto, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3648063/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
DECEPTION BASED TECHNIQUES AGAINST RANSOMWARES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Georgina, C. S., Sakinah, F., Fadholi, M. R., Yazid, S., & Syafitri, W. (2023) · Jurnal Teknik Informatika (Jutif) · doi:10.52436/1.jutif.2023.4.3.886 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Static-RWArmor: A Static Analysis Approach for Prevention of Cryptographic Windows Ransomware
Ayub, M. A., Siraj, A., Filar, B., & Gupta, M. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) · doi:10.1109/trustcom60117.2023.00228 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
SAFARI: A Scalable Air-Gapped Framework for Automated Ransomware Investigation
Compagnucci, T., Callegati, F., Giallorenzo, S., Melis, A., Melloni, S., & Vannini, A. (2025) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92882-6_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Crypto Mining Attacks on Cyber Security
Kara, İ., & Hasgul, E. (2022) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6247-8.ch005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
LockBit Black Ransomware On Reverse Shell: Analysis of Infection
Eliando, E., & Warsito, A. B. (2023) · CogITo Smart Journal · doi:10.31154/cogito.v9i2.494.228-240 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Radial Spike and Slab Bayesian Neural Networks for Sparse Data in Ransomware Attacks
Nazarovs, J., Stokes, J. W., Turcotte, M., Carroll, J., & Grady, I. (2024) · Advances in information security · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66245-4_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Recommending Similar Devices in Close Proximity for Network Security Management
Bouček, V., & Husák, M. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) · doi:10.1109/wimob58348.2023.10187729 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Applying Markov Decision Processes to Evaluate Ransomware Data Theft RisksPreprint
Zhu, T., Li, X., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3736872/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mapping Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI's) Exciting Future: From Gemini to Q* and Beyond
Akhtar, Z. B. (2024) · EAI Endorsed Transactions on AI and Robotics · doi:10.4108/airo.5962 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Selvaraj, K., Singh, M. M., & Zaaba, Z. F. (2025) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2025.100801 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring the ransomware ecosystem and the active defense concept: Review of attacks and defense
Zhao, L., Wang, Z., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Hou, R., & Meng, D. (2025) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2025.104171 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ramirez-Martinez, E. D., Pérez-Díaz, J. A., & Yungaicela-Naula, N. M. (2026) · IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society · doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3690970 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Applying Neutralisation Theory to Better Understand Ransomware Offenders
Connolly, L. Y., Borrion, H., Arief, B., & Kaddoura, S. (2023) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW) · doi:10.1109/eurospw59978.2023.00025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Benchmark: Neural Network Malware Classification
Robinette, P. K., Lopez, D. M., & Johnson, T. T. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46002-9_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EPPMRRS: An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Medical Record Retrieval Scheme in WBAN
Peng, S., Xiong, L., & Tang, X. (2024) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109997 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The business of ransomware and its effects on business
Warkentin, N., Zhang, Y., & Frank, R. W. (2025) · Journal of Cyber Security Technology · doi:10.1080/23742917.2025.2454620 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Decentralized Identity Verification System for Data Access to Prevent Data Exfiltration RansomwarePreprint
Takeuchi, K., Kumamoto, T., Yoshida, Y., & Fujima, H. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24732729 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neweva, W., Fitzwilliam, O., & Waterbridge, J. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4900486/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Detection of Stealthy Encryption in Ransomware Using AI-Driven Anomaly Detection ModelsPreprint
Hocosaj, A., Pendleton, C., & Stoddard, J. C. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955370/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RANSOMWARE: A PRIMER, SUGGESTED DETERRENCE AND A SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACH
(2022) · Issues in Information Systems · doi:10.48009/4_iis_2022_120 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
VR Headset Ransomware Attack Vulnerability
Tahat, M. Z., Glisson, W. B., & Smadi, B. A. (2024) · Conference proceedings - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/ccece59415.2024.10667339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Data security challenges in medical records: A comparative analysis of digital and paper systems
Alsanad, I. S., Aldarbi, S. A., Aljohani, M. A., Alhejaili, M. A. M., Aldhahri, A. M., & Alarfi, M. D. M. (2023) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v7ns1.15402 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lessons learned by a company facing a ransomware cyber-attack: A case study
Václavík, L., Špatenka, J., Petrová, K., & Zwilling, M. (2025) · Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases · doi:10.1177/20438869251337096 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- McIntosh, T., Kayes, A. S. M., Chen, Y.-P. P., Ng, A., & Watters, P.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Cyberstronomy Pty Ltd, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Venue
- ACM Computing Surveys
- Published
- 2021-10-08
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1-36
- ISSN
- 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7341
- OpenAlex
- W3205163562
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 11.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Computing Surveys (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Advanced Malware Detection Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Security and Verification in Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
- Keywords
- ransomware, ransomware mitigation, malware detection, ransomware prevention
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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