Cited by 146Advanced Malware Detection TechniquesSecurity and Verification in ComputingSpam and Phishing Detection

Ransomware Mitigation in the Modern Era: A Comprehensive Review, Research Challenges, and Future Directions

McIntosh, Timothy, Kayes, A. S. M., Chen, Yi-Ping Phoebe, Ng, Alex, Watters, Paul·2022·ACM Computing Surveys

Abstract

Although ransomware has been around since the early days of personal computers, its sophistication and aggression have increased substantially over the years. Ransomware, as a type of malware to extort ransom payments from victims, has evolved to deliver payloads in different attack vectors and on multiple platforms, and creating repeated disruptions and financial loss to many victims. Many studies have performed ransomware analysis and/or presented detection, defense, or prevention techniques for ransomware. However, because the ransomware landscape has evolved aggressively, many of those studies have become less relevant or even outdated. Previous surveys on anti-ransomware studies have compared the methods and results of the studies they surveyed, but none of those surveys has attempted to critique on the internal or external validity of those studies. In this survey, we first examined the up-to-date concept of ransomware, and listed the inadequacies in current ransomware research. We then proposed a set of unified metrics to evaluate published studies on ransomware mitigation, and applied the metrics to 118 such studies to comprehensively compare and contrast their pros and cons, with the attempt to evaluate their relative strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we forecast the future trends of ransomware evolution, and propose future research directions.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1145/3479393

Cites

121 of 121 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The same anti-malware products can score differently in tests like VB100, AV-Comparatives, and AV-Test, even when tests are administered around the same time, indicating variations in benchmarking criteria and evaluation methodologies.

    “Consider that the same anti-malware products can score differently in tests like VB100, AV-Comparatives, and AV-Test, even when tests are administered around the same time, indicating variations in benchmarking criteria and evaluation methodologies [23].”

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Authors
McIntosh, T., Kayes, A. S. M., Chen, Y.-P. P., Ng, A., & Watters, P.
Affiliations
  • La Trobe University (AU)
  • Cyberstronomy Pty Ltd, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Venue
ACM Computing Surveys
Published
2021-10-08
Volume
54
Issue
9
Pages
1-36
ISSN
  • 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-7341
OpenAlex
W3205163562
Cited by
146
References
122
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 12
FWCI
11.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
ACM Computing Surveys (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Advanced Malware Detection Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Security and Verification in Computing
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
Keywords
ransomware, ransomware mitigation, malware detection, ransomware prevention

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