The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 9 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Reputation systems
Open accessAbstract
T he Internet offers vast new opportunities to interact with total strangers. These interactions can be fun, informative, even profitable. But they also involve risk. Is the advice of a self-proclaimed expert at expertcentral.com reliable? Will an unknown dotcom site or eBay seller ship items promptly with appropriate packaging? Will the product be the same one described online?
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Claims the paper makes
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, the overall rate of successful transactions remains astonishingly high for a market as”
- Also stated in: § MARC MONGEAU · hedged
“ripe with the possibility of largescale fraud and deceit”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Kollock, P. The production of trust in online markets. In Advances in Group Processes, vol. 16, E. Lawler, M. Macy, S. Thyne, and H. Walker, Eds. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1999; see also www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/f aculty/kollock/papers/online_trust.htm.
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In the paper
“The first is that people may not bother to provide feedback at all.”
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In the paper
“Such premiums are observed in auctions in auctions of coins and computer chips on eBay [3,6,7].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Bajari, P. and Hortacsu, A. Winner's curse, reserve prices, and endogenous entry: Empirical insights from eBay auctions; see www.stanford.edu/ ~bajari/wp/auction/ebay.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [6] 6. Lucking-Reiley, D., Bryan, D., Prasad, N., and Reeves, D. Pennies from eBay: The determinants of price in online auctions; see www.vanderbilt.edu/econ/reiley/papers/PenniesFromEBay.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Houser, D. and Wooders, J. Reputation in auctions: Theory and evidence from eBay; see bpa.arizona.edu/~jwooders/ebay.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third is the difficulty of ensuring honest reports.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these systems help people decide whom to trust, encourage trustworthy behavior, and deter participation by those who are unskilled or dishonest.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these systems help people decide whom to trust, encourage trustworthy behavior, and deter participation by those who are unskilled or dishonest.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reputation systems seek to establish the shadow of the future to each transaction by creating an expectation that other people will look back on it.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Game-theory analysis demonstrates that there are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of reputation systems when participants are allowed to start over with new names [4].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Friedman, E. and Resnick, P. The social cost of cheap pseudonyms; see www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/identifiers/index.html.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second difficulty in distributing feedback stems from the lack of portability from system to system.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Second, the expectation of reciprocity or retaliation in future interactions creates an incentive for good behavior.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. Axelrod, R. The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books, New York, 1984.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite their theoretical and practical difficulties, it is reassuring that reputation systems appear to perform reasonably well.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: eBay's high rate of successful transactions is attributable to its reputation system.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At eBay, for example, a stream of buyers interacts with the same seller.They may never buy an item from the seller again, but by sharing their opinions about the seller via the Feedback Forum, they construct a meaningful history of the seller.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If buyers do behave this way, the sellers' reputations will affect their future sales.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this promise, significant challenges remain in the operating phases of such systems: eliciting, distributing, and aggregating feedback.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Over time, high-quality sellers would desert the market.Eventually, only the lowest-quality sellers would remain, a dynamic economist George Akerlof memorialized as the”
- Also stated in: § MARC MONGEAU · plain
“market for lemons”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Akerlof, G. The market for 'lemons': Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. Quart. J. Econom. 84 (1970), 488-500. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § MARC MONGEAU · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even then, fear of retaliatory negative feedback or simply a desire to avoid further unpleasant interactions may keep a dissatisfied buyer quiet.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systems that rely on the participation of large numbers of individuals accumulate trust simply by operating effectively over time.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, sellers with stellar reputations may enjoy a premium on their services; some users may be willing to pay for the security and comfort of high-quality services.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of building trust, a boost in the quantity of information compensates for a significant reduction in its quality.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In particular, newcomers (those with no feedback) should always be distrusted until they have somehow paid their dues, either through an entry fee or by accepting more risk or worse prices while developing their reputations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Friedman, E. and Resnick, P. The social cost of cheap pseudonyms; see www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/identifiers/index.html.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These simple numerical ratings fail to convey important subtleties of online interactions; for example, Did the feedback come from low-value transactions?What were the reputations of the people providing the feedback?”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internet services operate on a vastly larger scale”
- Also stated in: § MARC MONGEAU · plain
“than Main Street and permit virtually anonymous interactions.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § MARC MONGEAU · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“• Long-lived entities that inspire an expectation of future interaction;”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Today's reputation systems, by contrast, shouldn't work in theory.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“• Use of feedback to guide trust decisions.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With clear reputation markers, low-quality sellers get lower prices, leaving a healthier market with a variety of prices and quality of service.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to the Internet, such questions were answered, in part, through personal and corporate reputations.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strangers lack known past histories or the prospect of future interaction, and they are not subject to a network of informed individuals who would punish bad and reward good behavior.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These interactions can be fun, informative, even profitable.But they also involve risk.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“• Capture and distribution of feedback about current interactions (such information must be visible in the future); and”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet can vastly accelerate and add structure to the process of capturing and distributing information.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One party could blackmail another, threatening to post negative feedback unrelated to actual performance.At the other extreme, in order to accumulate positive feedback, a group of sellers might collaborate and rate one another positively, artificially inflating their individual reputations.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future buyers, lacking personal histories with particular sellers, may still base their buying decisions on a sufficiently extensive public history.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When agreeing to be rated is optional (such as when registering as a retailer at bizrate.com), doing so is likely an indication of higher-quality services, even before ratings are available.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if all reporting were complete and honest, users would find it virtually impossible to utilize the torrents of information they receive on other participants, given the lack of satisfactory summary statistics.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limited distribution of feedback limits its effectiveness; the future casts a shadow on only a single online arena, not on many.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Buyers provide and rely on feedback in reputation systems.
“provide and rely on feedback-isolated interactions take on attributes of long-term relationships.”
The paper relies on this without support.
eBay's high rate of successful transactions is attributable to its reputation system.
“The high rate of successful transactions is attributerd by eBay to its reputation system, called the Feedback Forum.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Resnick et al. (2000) stated that the lack of reputation portability is problematic as ''[l]imited distribution of feedback limits its effectiveness'' (p. 48).”
From In Stars We Trust – A Note on Reputation Portability Between Digital Platforms (2022) · cites this paper as Resnick et al. 2000
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The growth of e-auctions and other forms of e-commerce is based, to a considerable degree, on reputation and trust 5-10 .”
From Evolution of indirect reciprocity (2005) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Past research has argued that reputation systems and user-generated reviews may have the primary purpose of allowing users to learn more about each other before engaging in any interactions or transactions, acting as a monitoring and policing system [5,66,67].”
From Digital Identity: The effect of trust and reputation information on user judgement in the Sharing Economy (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Citations
Cites
The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism
Akerlof, G. A. (1970) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1879431 · Cited by 23,016
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7466396 · Cited by 20,065
Nielsen, R. P., & Axelrod, R. (1985) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/257983 · Cited by 6,517
The Winner's Curse, Reserve Prices, and Endogenous Entry: Empirical Insights from eBay Auctions
Bajari, P., Hortaçsu, A., & Hortacsu, A. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593721 · Cited by 1,041
PENNIES FROM EBAY: THE DETERMINANTS OF PRICE IN ONLINE AUCTIONS*
Lucking‐Reiley, D., Bryan, D., Prasad, N., & Reeves, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6451.2007.00309.x · Cited by 550
(1999) · Advances in group processes · Cited by 426
Lawler, E. J., & Thye, S. R. (2000) · Advances in group processes · doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(2000)17 · Cited by 247
How not to build an online market: the sociology of market microstructure
Kollock, P., & Braziel, E. R. (n.d.) · Advances in Group Processes · doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(06)23011-x
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 2,164
Monitoring people using location-based social networking and its negative impact on trust
Fusco, S. J., Michael, K., Aloudat, A., & Abbas, R. (2011) · IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) · doi:10.1109/istas.2011.7160597 · Cited by 21
“…contributed by Marsh [ 4 ] in general computer science, Jøsang [5] in computer security, Braynov and Sandholm [6] in electronic commerce, Resnick [7] in reputation systems, Castelfranchi and Falcone [8], [9] in multi-agent systems, Snijders and Keren [10] in game theory, and Slovic [11] in risk…”
On spreading recommendations via social gossip
Fernandess, Y., & Malkhi, D. (2008) · ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA) · doi:10.1145/1378533.1378547 · Cited by 20
“However, in many cases [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30] it is desirable to perform calculations in a distributed manner, especially in the presence of some potentially misbehaving system elements that cannot be trusted to perform computations as expected.”
BackgroundAn Introduction to the Role Based Trust Management Framework RT
Czenko, M., Etalle, S., Li, D., & Winsborough, W. H. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74810-6_9 · Cited by 21
“expert and auction systems [28], likeAllExperts (http://www.”
InfluentialDesign and Usability of Interactive User Profiles for Online Health Communities
Hartzler, A. L., Weis, B., Cahill, C., Pratt, W., Park, A., Backonja, U., & McDonald, D. W. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2903718 · Cited by 21
“…communities with additional attributes is promising [Shami et al. 2009], such as personality [Counts and Stecher 2009], sentiment [Gurini et al. 2014], community connections [Shami et al. 2008], and reputation markers that reflect trusted peers [Resnick et al. 2000; Resnick and Zeckhauser 2002].”
BackgroundDeviation-based spam-filtering method via stochastic approach
Lee, D., Lee, M. J., & Kim, B. J. (2018) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/121/68004 · Cited by 21
Distributed Reputation System for Tracking Applications in Sensor Networks
Roosta, T. G., Meingast, M., & Sastry, S. (2006) · doi:10.1109/mobiqw.2006.361781 · Cited by 21
“Centralized reputations systems were popularized by the internet [4], [14], [15].”
BackgroundFactors influencing user trust in online games
Gao, Y. (2005) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/02640470510631245 · Cited by 21
“Nonetheless, consumers’ trust or fear is a subjective feeling and they need to be assured of the security mechanisms in place through indications such as security seals from a trusted third party or an online reputation system (Resnick et al., 2000; Van Den Berg and Van Lieshout, 2001).”
BackgroundA recommendation strategy based on user behavior in digital ecosystems
Moscato, V., Picariello, A., & Rinaldi, A. M. (2010) · International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems (MEDES) · doi:10.1145/1936254.1936259 · Cited by 21
“The ranking of agents based on other agents’ input is fundamental to multi-agent systems [18] and it has become a central element of a variety of applications, where perhaps the most famous examples are Google’s PageRank algorithm [16] and eBay’s reputation system [19].”
BackgroundPersonalizing Interactions with Information Systems
Perugini, S., & Ramakrishnan, N. (2003) · Advances in computers · doi:10.1016/s0065-2458(03)57007-3 · Cited by 19
Li, C.-L., Büyüktür, A. G., Hutchful, D., Sant, N., & Nainwal, S. (2008) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1358628.1358946 · Cited by 21
A normal-distribution based rating aggregation method for generating product reputations
Abdel‐Hafez, A., Xu, Y., & Jøsang, A. (2015) · Web Intelligence · doi:10.3233/web-150306 · Cited by 20
“Therefore, reputation systems are an essential part of any e-commerce or product reviews websites, where they provide methods for collecting and aggregating users’ ratings in order to calculate the overall reputation scores for products, users, or services [12].”
ACQR: A Novel Framework to Identify and Predict Influential Users in Micro-Blogging.
Chai, W., Xu, W. X., Zuo, M., & Wen, X. (2013) · Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 20
PRep: a probabilistic reputation model for biased societies
Haghpanah, Y., & Desjardins, M. E. (2012) · doi:10.5555/2343576.2343621 · Cited by 20
Trust, but Verify: The Role of ICTs in the Sharing Economy
Dakhlia, S. F., Dávila, A., & Cumbie, B. A. (2016) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28907-6_20 · Cited by 20
EIoT-PBFT: A multi-stage consensus algorithm for IoT edge computing based on PBFT
Gan, B., Wang, Y., Wu, Q., Zhou, Y., & Jiang, L. (2022) · Microprocessors and Microsystems · doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104713 · Cited by 22
Game-theoretic recommendations: some progress in an uphill battle
Tennenholtz, M. (2008) · doi:10.5555/1402383.1402389 · Cited by 20
A pervasive P3P-based negotiation mechanism for privacy-aware pervasive e-commerce
Kwon, O. (2010) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2010.08.002 · Cited by 20
“In pervasive computing systems, whichmake use of user-related information to interact more naturally with users through a set of devices in a task environment, users' sensitive information could be collected by a variety of service providers, potentially threatening their privacy [39].”
BackgroundChou, S. Y. (2012) · Cited by 20
The Theory of the Lemon Markets in IS Research
Devos, J., Landeghem, H. V., & Deschoolmeester, D. (2011) · Integrated series on information systems/Integrated series in information systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6108-2_11 · Cited by 25
“(Resnick et al 2000) Some articles only have the seminal article of Akerlof as an entry in the reference list without further use in their work (Kambil and Ginsburg 1998; de Figueiredo 2000; Sakalaki and Kazi 2009).”
BackgroundData security issues in MaaS-enabling platforms
Callegati, F., Giallorenzo, S., Melis, A., & Prandini, M. (2016) · IEEE International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI) · doi:10.1109/rtsi.2016.7740624 · Cited by 20
“Of course, reputation systems in turn introduce their fair share of problems [23], [24], [25], [26].”
BackgroundA privacy-preserving reputation system with user rewards
Busom, N., Petrlic, R., Sebé, F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.12.023 · Cited by 20
“[6], a reputation system “collects, distributes, and aggregates feedback about participants’ past behaviour”.”
BackgroundZupančič, E., & Žalik, B. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19061326 · Cited by 20
“Trust and reputation management systems have been studied and used in different domains, such as online markets [16,24], peer-to-peer networks [25], wireless sensor networks [18,26] and Internet of Things [27,28].”
BackgroundMasele, J. J., & Matama, R. (2019) · The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries · doi:10.1002/isd2.12115 · Cited by 23
“Studies (Egger, 2000; Nielsen, 2001; Sisson, 2000) consider online trust among others as a function of a well ‐ designed websites and assurances from independent third parties (Head, Yuan, & Archer, 2001; Resnick, Zeckhauser, Friedman, & Kuwabara, 2000).”
BackgroundA Survey on Trust Modeling from a Bayesian Perspective
Liu, B. (2020) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07097-5 · Cited by 28
Reputation systems and recruitment in online labor markets: insights from an agent-based model
Lukáč, M., & Grow, A. (2020) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-020-00072-x · Cited by 19
Geography as branding: Descriptive evidence from Taobao
Chintagunta, P. K., & Chu, J. (2021) · Quantitative Marketing and Economics · doi:10.1007/s11129-020-09232-9 · Cited by 18
A framework for human-centered provisioning of ambient media services
Hossain, M. A., Parra, J., Atrey, P. K., et al. (2009) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-009-0285-9 · Cited by 20
Factors affecting the long-term survival of eBay ventures: a longitudinal study
Gregg, D. G., & Parthasarathy, M. (2017) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-017-9846-x · Cited by 20
A system of agent-based software patterns for user modeling based on usage mining
Girardi, R., Marinho, L. B., & de Oliveira, I. R. (2005) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2005.02.003 · Cited by 20
Trust Is in the Eye of the Beholder
DeFigueiredo, D., Barr, E. T., & Wu, S. F. (2009) · doi:10.1109/cse.2009.444 · Cited by 20
A Reputation-Based Approach to Preserving Privacy in Web Services
Rezgui, A., Bouguettaya, A., & Malik, Z. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39406-8_8 · Cited by 20
Promoting cooperation among strangers to access Internet services from an ad hoc network
Zhu, D., & Mutka, M. W. (2005) · Pervasive and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2005.03.002 · Cited by 20
A Survey of Coded Distributed ComputingPreprint
Ng, J. S., Lim, W. Y. B., Luong, N. C., Xiong, Z., Asheralieva, A., Niyato, D. T., Leung, C., & Miao, C. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.09048 · Cited by 22
“However, other aspects of heterogeneity such as the reputation [190] and the willingness to participate of the processing nodes”
BackgroundA Provider-Level Reputation System for Assessing the Quality of SPIT Mitigation Algorithms
Sorge, C., & Seedorf, J. (2009) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2009.5198660 · Cited by 19
“and a comprehensive survey, see [8] and [9].”
BackgroundReputation and Pricing Dynamics in Online Markets
Ma, Q., Huang, J., Başar, T., Liu, J., & Chen, X. (2021) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2021.3071506 · Cited by 19
“There has been some research on reputation systems [5] for online markets, such as those focusing on reputation characterization [12], empirical studies on the impact of reputation on behaviors of sellers and buyers [13–17], reputation accumulation and manipulation [4, 18, 19], and incentive mechanism design for feedb…”
BackgroundA Framework for Building Reputation Systems
Windley, P. J., Tew, K., & Daley, D. (2007) · Cited by 21
Enhancing Multilateral Security in and by Reputation Systems
Steinbrecher, S. (2009) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03315-5_10 · Cited by 19
Incentivizing Responsible Networking via Introduction-Based Routing
Frazier, G. L., Duong, Q., Wellman, M. P., et al. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21599-5_21 · Cited by 19
Trust assessment: a personalized, distributed, and secure approach
Carchiolo, V., Longheu, A., Malgeri, M., et al. (2011) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.1856 · Cited by 19
Norm Emergence in Tag-Based Cooperation
Griffiths, N., & Flucke, G. (2010) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · Cited by 19
BP-P2P: Belief propagation-based trust and reputation management for P2P networks
Ayday, E., & Fekri, F. (2012) · Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON) · doi:10.1109/secon.2012.6275830 · Cited by 19
Li, B., Wen, D., & Shi, X. (2014) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2013.865917 · Cited by 18
Trust and Reputation Aware Security for Resource Selection in Grid Computing
Vijayakumar, V., & WahidhaBanu, R. S. D. (2008) · International Conference on Security Technology (SecTech) · doi:10.1109/sectech.2008.46 · Cited by 19
“…community based feedback about past experiences of entities; reputation mechanisms provide a technique for building trust through social control [14] is as follows: The reputation of an entity is an expectation of its behavior based on other entities' observations or information about the…”
BackgroundA trust propagation scheme in VANETs
Wang, J., Liu, Y., Liu, X., et al. (2009) · IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium · doi:10.1109/ivs.2009.5164429 · Cited by 19
“Recent works [3] [4] give a mathematical approach to the propagation of trust, but do not extend to the case in which users have separate attributes.”
BackgroundGuo, Y., Ma, J., Wang, C., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks · doi:10.1155/2013/416983 · Cited by 19
The Influence of Trust Score on Cooperative Behavior
Ignat, C., Dang, Q.-V., & Shalin, V. L. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Internet Technology · doi:10.1145/3329250 · Cited by 20
“Using these definitions, the widely used Internet scoring systems are reputation–not trust– systems [Resnick et al. 2000].”
MethodHow can trustworthy influencers be identified in electronic word-of-mouth communities?
Arenas‐Márquez, F. J., Torres, M. D. R. M., & Toral, S. L. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120596 · Cited by 23
Trust and Reputation Management in Web-based Social Network
Bhuiyan, T., Jøsang, A., & Xu, Y. (2010) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/8375 · Cited by 19
“Resnick (Resnick et al., 2000) described reputation management as a system that collects, distributes and aggregates feedback about past behaviour.”
BackgroundQMaps: Engaging Students in Voluntary Question Generation and Linking
YeckehZaare, I., Barghi, T., & Resnick, P. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376882 · Cited by 23
“Seeing vote counts on each posted question may give the student a sense of competence, which can be augmented by a reputation system that computes and displays an aggregate measure of performance and achievements [56].”
BackgroundSelf-citationChapter 28 Automated Markets and Trading Agents
MacKie–Mason, J. K., & Wellman, M. P. (2006) · Handbook of computational economics · doi:10.1016/s1574-0021(05)02028-9 · Cited by 19
“Reputation systems [Dellarocas, 2003; Resnick et al., 2002] fill this need by aggregating and disseminating subjective reports on transaction results across a trading community.”
Hancock, J. T., & Guillory, J. E. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118426456.ch12 · Cited by 21
Contract-based web service composition
Milanović, N. (2006) · edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin) · doi:10.18452/15490 · Cited by 19
“The main role of a reputation system is to collect, distribute and aggregate feedback about services’ past behavior [140].”
A Survey of Trust in Computer Science and the Semantic WebPreprint
Artz, D., & Gil, Y. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3199355 · Cited by 19
Video recommendation over multiple information sources
Zhao, X., Yuan, J., Wang, M., Li, G., Hong, R., Li, Z., & Chua, T. (2012) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-012-0267-z · Cited by 18
“The performance of CF is strongly limited by the sparsity of data as a result of the following: (1) the huge number of videos far beyond user’s ability to evaluate even a small fraction of them; and (2) users do not have the initiative to rate the viewed videos [35].”
Multi-criteria assessment of user trust in Social Reviewing Systems with subjective logic fusion
Esposito, C., Galli, A., Moscato, V., & Sperlí, G. (2021) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2021.07.012 · Cited by 18
A Comparative Study of Online Shopping Behaviour: Effects of Perceived Risks and Benefits
Wani, S. N., & Malik, S. (2013) · International Journal of Marketing and Business Communication · Cited by 18
From blurry numbers to clear preferences: A mechanism to extract reputation in social networks
Hermoso, R., Centeno, R., & Fasli, M. (2013) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.09.025 · Cited by 18
Association-based dynamic computation of reputation in web services
Atrey, P. K., Hossain, M. A., & Saddik, A. E. (2008) · International Journal of Web and Grid Services · doi:10.1504/ijwgs.2008.018886 · Cited by 18
“Collaborative-feedback models include the works of Zacharia et al. (1999), Mui et al.”
BackgroundMethodTowards a Theory of Trust for the Global Ubiquitous Computer
Krukow, K., Dissertation, P., & Krukow, K. (2006) · Cited by 18
Masterov, D. V., Mayer, U. F., & Tadelis, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Economics and Computation · doi:10.1145/2764468.2764499 · Cited by 18
“As a response to this potential hazard, e-commerce marketplaces use some sort of decentralized “reputation” or “feedback” mechanisms to alleviate these concerns and help buyers select trustworthy sellers (see, e.g., [Resnick et al. 2000; Dellarocas 2003] and [Cabral and Hortac¸su 2010]).”
BackgroundFrom Theory to Practice: Forgiveness as a Mechanism to Repair Conflicts in CMC
Vasalou, A., Pitt, J. V., & Piolle, G. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11755593_29 · Cited by 18
“Trust and reputation mechanisms have been widely adopted in addressing this issue [15].”
BackgroundHealth of Electronic Communities: An Evolutionary Game Approach
Geng, X., Whinston, A. B., & ZHANG, H. (2004) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2004.11045818 · Cited by 18
Kuwabara, K., & Yu, S. (2017) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272517703750 · Cited by 18
“Despite the success of these systems, however, a persistent challenge is how to ensure prosocial enforcement, namely, feedback that is viewed as proper and legitimate (Resnick et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoosting trust by facilitating communication: A model of trustee investments in information sharing
Frey, V. (2017) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463117734171 · Cited by 18
“Fortunately, institutions that enable trustors to share information about trustees—as, for example, word-of-mouth networks or online reputation systems—allow actors to escape the dilemma (Buskens and Raub, 2002, 2013; Cook et al., 2009; Feinberg et al., 2014; Milinski, 2016; Resnick et al., 2000).”
Pavlou, P. A., & Dimoka, A. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 22
Sampaio, L. N., Tedesco, P. C. D. A. R., Monteiro, J. A. S., et al. (2014) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2014.02.020 · Cited by 17
Reputation Agent: Prompting Fair Reviews in Gig Markets
Toxtli, C., Richmond-Fuller, A., & Savage, S. (2020) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3366423.3380199 · Cited by 25
“nspire an expectation of future interactions; capture and distribution of feedback about current interactions (information must be visible in the future); and use of feedback to guide trust decisions [86]. The end goal of reputation systems is to strengthen the quality of markets and communities by providing an incent…”
BackgroundReputation- and Trust-Based Systems for Wireless Self-Organizing Networks
Sen, J. (2011) · Auerbach Publications eBooks · doi:10.1201/ebk1439819197-11 · Cited by 17
Location-Based Social Networking: Impact on Trust in Relationships
Fusco, S. J., Abbas, R., Michael, K., & Aloudat, A. (2012) · IEEE Technology and Society Magazine · doi:10.1109/mts.2012.2196340 · Cited by 18
FairTorrent: A Deficit-Based Distributed Algorithm to Ensure Fairness in Peer-to-Peer Systems
Sherman, A., Nieh, J., & Stein, C. (2012) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2012.2185058 · Cited by 17
“Such systems suffer from problems with bootstrapping and collusion [28], where malicious peers can hype”
BackgroundEntropy attacks and countermeasures in wireless network coding
Newell, A. J., Curtmola, R., & Nita-Rotaru, C. (2012) · ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks (WiSec) · doi:10.1145/2185448.2185473 · Cited by 17
FineTrust: a fine‐grained trust model for peer‐to‐peer networks
Ren, Y., Li, M., & Sakurai, K. (2009) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1002/sec.165 · Cited by 17
Online Reputation Systems in Web 2.0 Era
Zheng, W., & Jin, L. (2009) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03132-8_24 · Cited by 17
FINANCIAL VALUE OF REPUTATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE eBAY AUCTIONS OF GMAIL INVITATIONS*
Lei, Q. (2011) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6451.2011.00457.x · Cited by 18
“7See Lucking-Reiley (2000) for an introduction to the general mechanisms of internet auctions, and Resnick et al. (2000) and Resnick and Zeckhauser (2002) for more details. identi cation number, the usernames of the buyer and the seller, the rating and the comment.”
Modeling eBay-like reputation systems: Analysis, characterization and insurance mechanism design
Xie, H. L., & Lui, J. C. S. (2015) · Performance Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.peva.2015.06.009 · Cited by 17
“…a stochastic model to analyze an eBay-like reputation system and propose four measures to quantify its effectiveness: (1) new seller ramp up time, (2) new seller drop out probability, (3) long termprofit gains for sellers, and (4) average per seller transaction gains for E-commerce operators.”
BackgroundThe influence of trust score on cooperative behavior
Ignat, C., Dang, Q.-V., & Shalin, V. L. (2020) · Journal of Bioresource Management · Cited by 17
Coordinating User and Device Behavior in Wireless Grids
McKnight, L. W., Lehr, W. H., & Howison, J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5979-7_35 · Cited by 17
“…and scaling properties 5 One of the best known and most studied reputation system is the “feedback” mechanism employed by Ebay which allows buyers and sellers to exchange public information regarding their satisfaction with the transaction (Resnick & Zeckhauser 2003, Resnick et al. 2000, see ).”
Trusted Ticket Systems and Applications
Kuntze, N., & Schmidt, A. U. (2007) · IFIP International Federation for Information Processing/IFIP · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72367-9_5 · Cited by 19
“[11] “seek to establish the shadow of the future [the expectation of reciprocity or retaliation in future interactions, cf.”
BackgroundReturns on reputation in retail e-commerce
Saastamoinen, J. (2009) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) · Cited by 17
Consumer Information use and Misuse in Electronic Business: An Alternative to Privacy Regulation
Cassidy, C. M., & Chae, B. K. (2006) · Information Systems Management · doi:10.1201/1078.10580530/46108.23.3.20060601/93709.8 · Cited by 17
“Another pro-active mechanism that could be adopted by industry and trade associations is a reputation system (Resnick, Zeckhauser, Friedman, and Kuwabara, 2000).”
BackgroundExperience-based service provider selection in agent-mediated E-Commerce
Şensoy, M., Pembe, F. C., Zirtiloǧlu, H., et al. (2006) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2006.06.003 · Cited by 17
“The ratings of the consumers are then aggregated to decide whether a SP will act as expected (Resnick et al., 2000; Sabater and Sierra, 2002; Josang et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPeer-to-peer wireless LAN consortia: economic modeling and architecture
Antoniadis, P., Courcoubetis, C., Efstathiou, E. C., et al. (2004) · International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing · doi:10.1109/ptp.2003.1231522 · Cited by 17
“However, in practice, they seem to work reasonably well [16].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Online Product Reviews on Product ReturnsPreprint
Sahoo, N., Dellarocas, C. N., & Srinivasan, S. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2491276 · Cited by 17
Employing Trusted Computing for the forward pricing of pseudonyms in reputation systemsPreprint
Kuntze, N., Mähler, D., & Schmidt, A. U. (2006) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.cs/0607142 · Cited by 17
“Virtual, or physi al, goods are o ered inlarge numbers and diversity and with potentially smalldemand for ea h single one.”
BackgroundSocial web and identity: a likely encounter
Nabeth, T. (2009) · Identity in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s12394-009-0029-z · Cited by 17
“…implicitly via the postings of opinion in personal blogs that allow people to express their beliefs, in the reputation mechanisms systems that can be found in commerce site and that provide reputation indicators (Resnick et al. 2000), or in the social roles that emerge in systems such as Wikipedia.”
BackgroundIn Stars We Trust – A Note on Reputation Portability Between Digital Platforms
Hesse, M., Teubner, T., & Adam, M. T. P. (2022) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00717-9 · Cited by 16
Web Aesthetics: How Does it Influence the Sales Performance in Online Marketplaces
Lu, Y. L., Tan, B. C. Y., & Wang, Y. (2013) · International Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 16
Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activation Is Commonly Invoked by Reputation of Self and Romantic Partners
Kawamichi, H., Sasaki, A. T., Matsunaga, M., Yoshihara, K., Takahashi, H. K., Tanabe, H. C., & Sadato, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074958 · Cited by 16
T-Smart: Trust Model for Blockchain Based Smart Marketplace
Waleed, M., Latif, R., Yakubu, B. M., Khan, M. I., & Latif, S. (2021) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer16060132 · Cited by 16
The moral embeddedness of cryptomarkets: text mining feedback on economic exchanges on the dark web
Macanovic, A., & Przepiorka, W. (2023) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwad069 · Cited by 17
A Trust Evolution Model for P2P Networks
Wang, Y., Tao, Y., Yu, P., et al. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73547-2_23 · Cited by 16
Sustaining cooperation on networks: an analytical study based on evolutionary game theory
Raghunandan, M. A., & Subramanian, C. (2012) · NOT FOUND REPOSITORY (Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) · doi:10.5555/2343776.2343827 · Cited by 16
Zhang, X., Luo, J., & Qi, L. (2012) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-012-0092-4 · Cited by 16
“According to Resnick et al. (2000), a reputation system collects, distributes, and aggregates feedback about the past behavior of participants.”
BackgroundEmpirical Investigation of EachNet: The eBay Model of C2C Online Auction in China
Du, H. S., Yu, H., Fang, Y., & Wang, S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2011.2139214 · Cited by 15
Web Service Trust: Towards a Dynamic Assessment Framework
Spanoudakis, G., & Presti, S. L. (2009) · International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) · doi:10.1109/ares.2009.149 · Cited by 16
“[5], [9], [11], [14], [17]), the role of trust in SOC has not been fully realised yet and trust is currently assessed poorly for the purposes of the new paradigm.”
The Retransmission of Rumor-related Tweets: Characteristics of Source and Message
Chua, A. Y. K., Tee, C.-Y., Pang, A., & Lim, E.-P. (2016) · Proceedings of the 7th 2016 International Conference on Social Media & Society - SMSociety '16 · doi:10.1145/2930971.2930994 · Cited by 15
Dynamic Security Properties Monitoring Architecture for Cloud Computing
Muñoz, A., Maña, A., & González, J. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2125-1.ch001 · Cited by 16
A Unifying Framework for Behavior-Based Trust Models
von der Weth, C., & Böhm, K. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11914853_27 · Cited by 16
Using reputation to augment explicit authorization
Windley, P. J., Daley, D., Cutler, B., & Tew, K. (2007) · doi:10.1145/1314403.1314416 · Cited by 15
“The explosive growth of these social networks taxes the management capacity of human administrators.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn object-oriented analysis method for customer relationship management information systems
Lin, J., & Lee, M. (2003) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2003.09.001 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Resnick, P., Kuwabara, K., Zeckhauser, R., & Friedman, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 45-48
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2337430557
- Cited by
- 2,190
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 134
- FWCI
- 145.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9977999)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Access Control and Trust
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Expert finding and Q&A systems
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Keywords
- reputation systems, online trust, online interaction, e-commerce, peer reputation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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